Texting and Driving Should be Stopped - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 538 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Texting and Driving Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: Attention getter: Imagine you were driving and suddenly you get a text message. Hearing the text message ringtone makes you start thinking about who sent the message and what the text is about. You eventually decide to pick up your phone and start texting, next thing you know you got hit by a car. Relevance: According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Nearly 500,000 young adults are injured each year due to distracted driving, with texting and driving even more deadly than drunk driving. Our society is one where multi-tasking has become second nature and communication is instant resulting in people being overly confident in their ability to safely text while driving. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Texting and Driving Should be Stopped" essay for you Create order Credibility: The reason why I am giving this speech is because, I have had a friend that was injured due to someone texting and driving. Reducing texting while driving can save many peoples lives. Preview: Today I will be talking about: The severe dangers of dangers of texting and driving, What can we do to stop it from happening and persuading everyone to stop texting while driving. Transition: First I will inform you on how dangerous texting and driving is: Body: A. According to Texting and Driving Statistics: Texting Thumb Bands website, The minimal time your attention is off the road while texting is 5 seconds, which at a speed of 55mph you would have traveled the length of a football field without looking at the road. B. Here are some frightening facts according to StopTextsStopWrecks.org: Distracted driving is the number one killer of American teens A texting driver is 23 times more likely to get into a crash than a non-texter. Texting while driving is 6 times more dangerous than driving while being drunk. Distracted driving causes 25% of all accidents, 1.6 million a year and 330,000 injuries per year. Transition: Now that you are aware of how lethal texting while driving is, Lets look at how we can stop this from happening. Solution: There are many things we can do to overcome this dangerous habit of our generation. A. According to the NHTSA at Distracted Driving: Distraction.gov, Since 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation has launched a variety of creative campaigns to raise awareness about the dangers of texting and driving. Many states have stepped up to pass tough laws against texting, talking on a cell phone, and other distractions. B. How will you stop texting and driving? StopTextsStopWrecks lists a few tips: Out of sight, out of mind. Put your phone somewhere out of reach so you cant get to it while driving. Silence is golden. Turn off the notifications so you wont be tempted to look at your phone. Find your app. There are applications that can help you stop texting and driving. Designate a texter. Use an extra pair of thumbs and let your passenger text for you. Transition: In conclusion Conclusion A. We discussed how dangerous texting and driving really is. B. Went over solutions to resolve this epidemic. C. Persuaded you to refrain from texting and driving. Many teens and young adults feel like nothing bad will ever happen to them and they can beat the odds but please dont let that be you and become a statistic STOP texting while driving!

The High Turnover Rate Of Leadership - 1008 Words

1.2 market trends During 1990s, the reason of the high turnover rate of leadership in Enron was the PRC system and the new â€Å"arrogant culture†, which pose a threat to conservative cautious. In this case Enron was put in a highly uncertain environment. In the late 1990 and 2000, Enron’s traders had great passion on prove themselves. The principle of â€Å"priority of profit† at any costs led to considerable agency problems for shareholders of Enron. Undoubtedly, company owners desired high return from investment. The â€Å"arrogant culture† could meet investors’ need of profit, although the â€Å"arrogant culture† achieved short-term profit by sacrificing company’s long-term stability and wellbeing. It exacerbated the agency problems which accumulated by principals neglecting agency monitoring mechanisms. Enron applied the â€Å"market- to-market† accounting principles in middle of 1990s. it was difficult to estimate the accuracy price of derivative due to lots of subjectivity in the prices based on valuation. Enron had different instruments of derivative. The estimating models and assumptions are range from person to person. With the â€Å"arrogant culture† in Enron, these subjective estimators always been overstated. Therefore, the problems of principals’ monitoring mechanisms was intensified. During 1990S, there were numerous new competitors advent into the market. Those new entrants pose a threat to Enron’s profit. Enron in order to maintain their high return and dominance in their field,Show MoreRelatedHigh Levels Of Teacher Turnover Negatively Affects Student Achievement1596 Words   |  7 PagesIntroductory Statement: According to studies like those done by the Harvard Report, research has shown that high levels of teacher turnover negatively affects student achievement. 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Grignard Lab Report free essay sample

In the second part of the experiment, a yield of 99. 85% was obtained for triphenylmethanol. A melting point of 160-162Â °C was also determined. Additionally an IR for triphenylmethanol was taken, and all the major peaks were present. A broad peak at ~3400 cm- indicated an alcohol group present. A peak at ~3100 cm- indicating a C-H bonds in the benzene ring. A peak at ~1400-1500 cm- indicating a C=C bonds in the ring. Introduction: In the first part of the experiment, phenylmagnesium bromide (a Grignard reagent) was prepared from reacting magnesium strips with aqueous bromobenzene in diethyl ether. The reaction is illustrated below: The Grignard reagent formed can then behave as a base or a nucleophile due to the partial charge between the carbanion and the alkyl group. The carbanion from the phenylmagnesium bromide act as a nucleophile and under go nucleophillic addition reaction with the carbonyl group of the benzophenone forming an adduct. We will write a custom essay sample on Grignard Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The adduct act as a strong base and protonate the proton from HCl with present of ether forming triphenylmethanol (a tertiary alcohol) The reaction is illustrated below: In the presence of heat during refluxing the Grignard reagent, biphenyl impurity is formed and can be isolated with petroleum ether by extraction. The product can then be further purified through recrystallization method using hot isopropyl alcohol. This is then cooled to room temperature and facilitated with an ice bath. The purified triphenylmethanol can then be vacuum filtered and dry. The reaction mechanism for the two steps described is as followed: The purified product obtained was then tested to confirm the successful synthesizing of triphenylmethanol. Melting point value of 160-162Â °C was determine, which support the correct product synthesized. Furthermore, all major functional groups were present in the IR taken for triphenylmethanol indicating a successful experiment. Procedure: All glassware used in this experiment was oven dried and sterile. A Grignard reagent was produced by reacting ~0. 15 g of magnesium metal, stir vane, 0. 80 mL of bromobenzene (0. 70 mL) and anhydrous diethyl ether (20. 0 mL) mixture in a 20-mL round-bottom flask (reflux apparatus). The apparatus was elevated from the hot plate and heated at 60Â °C for 15 minutes. Brownish-gray solution was observed. The remainder bromobenzene/ether mixture was added to the round bottom flask drop-wise with additional washing of ~2. 0 mL of diethyl ether. Iodine (catalyst) was added to facilitate the reaction. Phenylmagnesium bromide was obtained upon cooling of the solution to room temperature. Benzophenone (1. 09 g) and diethyl ether (2. 0 mL) mixture was then reacted with the Grignard product for 15 minutes. Red solidified adduct was observed. Next HCl (6. 0 mL) was added drop-wise to the adduct; bilayer of triphenylmethanol and inorganic impurities was observed. The mixture was then filtered using the reparatory funnel. The round-bottom flask was washed with additional ether (5. 0 mL) and re-extracted. Sodium sulfate was then added to dry the solution. Aqueous solution was then decanted into an Erlenmeyer flask and evaporated in a hot water bath (50Â °C) with air until oily solid was observed. Hot petroleum ether (3. 0 mL) was added drop-wise to dissolve the by-products and cooled to room temperature. Upon cooling, the crude was then vacuum filtered and collected. Hot Isopropyl alcohol was then added to the crude to initiate recrystallization and then vacuum filtered.

Population Stabilization free essay sample

This essay addresses the issue of population stabilization as a matter of policy in the United States. This essay addresses the overwhelming effects of population growth as a direct result of globalization. As possible solutions, better family planning and national health care programs are suggested. Issues such as education, sex, and race are taken into consideration. In an increasingly expanding global community, one subject above all others, must be addressed in order to secure the progression of the human race as a whole. Population stabilization, although not an immediate concern in the United States, is nonetheless a major threat to our world. Statistics project that the global population will increase at about a quarter of a million people each day for the next twenty years and henceforth one can easily assess the urgency of the situation. The most effective means through which stabilization can be achieved is through the implementation of national strategies geared towards family planning and health care programs. We will write a custom essay sample on Population Stabilization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Women Immigrants from Asia

Asian women is a term that was used to collectively identify females who hailed from Asian countries in the United States. The Asian countries included Japan, China and Korea among others. Some Asian women had come along with their husbands in such of greener pastures, and escape from the battles that were taking place in the Asian continent.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women Immigrants from Asia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As time moved, more Asians relocated to the US and thus, they flooded the state’s labor market. This is what led to the enactment of Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. The following paragraphs focus on the issues that lie underneath this act and the effects it had on Asian women. Before the legislation of the exclusion act, Asians were allowed to immigrate to the US as laborers in the sugar farms. There was extreme poverty in Asia, which prompted many locals to seek for employment in the US. The construction of transcontinental railroad caused more Asians to relocate to the US and this is because the local population could not satisfy the demand for labor. The Asian laborers were only interested in earning a living and thus, they took any offer that came their way. This attitude did not go down well with the locals because they felt that the Asians were gradually eliminating them from the labor market. In 19th century, activist groups advocated for the passing of Chinese exclusion act, which many people saw it as the appropriate measure of securing the interests of the local people. When the act was passed in 1882, it barred many Asians from relocating to the US. The other argument that activists used was that Asian women were promoting the spread of prostitution in the US. This was a scapegoat because prostitution started even before the coming of Asian women. Furthermore, the Asian women were perceived to be responsible of infecting the locals with sexually transmitted diseases. After the exclusion act was passed, a lot of racial violence was directed towards Asian women. This brutality was intended to make the Asian women to return to their mother countries and discourage other Asian women from relocating to the US. The exclusion act favored the interests of the locals because they were given the first priority in the labor market. With no alternative, the Asian women resorted to prostitution as a way of earning their daily bread.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, American men who had drawn Asian women from Asia while posing as potential husbands forcibly converted them some into sex slaves. The girls were promised good life once they agreed to relocate to the US, but were later shocked by the turn of events. Most Asian opted to remain in the US and practice prostitution rather than go back their poor homes. Besides, by working as commercial sex workers they were able to help their friends back at home because the value of US currency was higher in Asia. On the other hand, a few women were immune from the Chinese Exclusion Act. These Asian women were married to the American natives or were born in the United States. The Asian women were stereotyped as prostitutes, but those born in the US were thought to be pure because they had adopted the American lifestyle. However, this initiative did not stop Asian women from immigrating to the US because most of them managed to pose as wives of American businessmen. Similarly, not all Asian women who wished to trade with their bodies, but brothel owners kidnapped even those who were innocent. This is because owning a brothel was a very lucrative business back then. Once in the brothels, they were subjected to many inhumane acts because their feet had to be bound to attract more customers. Therefore, the US law was used to justify racial discrimination towards Asian wom en. The Asian women would not have engaged in prostitution if they were given equal employment opportunities just like their local counterparts. The exclusion law was biased because if it was to be used to eliminate prostitution, then it should have been comprehensive. From another perspective, the exclusion act was trying to imply that prostitution was reserved for local women, but not for foreign women. This essay on Women Immigrants from Asia was written and submitted by user Francesca Garcia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Killer Clown, John Wayne Gacy essays

The Killer Clown, John Wayne Gacy essays Robert Hare is North America's most renowned academic on psychopaths. Utilizing the basis of the components of Hare's theory and his "Psychopath Checklist (PCL) which was later revised to the PCL-R" (Wikipedia, 2013, Hare), it is possible to analyze John Wayne Gacy's criminal career. This checklist has specific scoring criteria rating 20 items on a 3-point scale corresponding to the extent that it applies to a given individual. With the psychopathic behaviours identified by Hare's PCL-R, it can be implied that Gacy would score above 30 on this scale and therefore be considered a Gacy is considered to be America's most coldblooded killer. What the world viewed him as before being arrested and convicted of his heinous acts was a successful businessman; a social pillar in his community; volunteer; an active member of the Jaycee's; an ethical man; a man of stature; a good father and family man. Joining the "Jolly Jokers" in 1975, he created his character "Pogo the Clown" (A in order to attend numerous parties and charitable events. This creation of Pogo is what gave him the name "Killer Clown" by the media and public when As Dr. Michael Stone discusses during the documentary, "Most Evil - Cold Blooded Killers", he places Gacy at level 22 on the scale of measuring evil. The only other serial killer to score this high according to the aforementioned documentary was Tommy Sells (Stone, 2006). Gacy was found guilty and sentenced to death for the murder of 33 teenage boys and young men between 1972 and 1978. The majority of the bodies (25+) were buried in the crawl space of his home at 8213 West Summerside Avenue in Chicago (Decoeur, 1998). He would utilize some of his employees and a former roommate to help dig the "graves" for these victims by enticing them to believing they were digging "drainage lines". Fastidiously ensuring that ...

Case Problems Involving the First Amendment Essay

Case Problems Involving the First Amendment - Essay Example The law gives the United Striates Government the right to release information or refuse to release and grants nine exemptions, which can be applied to stop disclosure of sensitive information (Russomanno 147). When stopping the publication the judge may use the theory of interpretation of the first Amendment Act on the Freedom of speech that deals with content regulation. This states that the government has the right to bar any publisher publishing information that may be viewed as threatening national security. In an example the case of Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo, the court found that at times it is important for the federal government to bar release of information that may threaten the national security. When the judge is making the ruling on this case there are several things, he will have to put into consideration. The first one is the perceived effect on national security the release of the report would have and the other is the right of the press to publish information. He will look to see if the press freedom being infringed and if so will allow the information be published. On the other hand, if the information is proven vital and threatening national security he will bar it from being

Social Security's role in our society and public administration Essay

Social Security's role in our society and public administration - Essay Example This Civil War Pension program provided benefits to war veterans with disabilities, in addition, widows and orphans could receive pensions equal to the amount paid to veterans. Starting with the year 1906 old age has become the main qualification for the benefits payment. Thus, by the year 1960 the following groups of people were receiving benefits: Civil War veterans, survivors with disabilities, and the old-aged. Later, these programs would become known as Social Security. In particular, four major demographic changes led to the emergence of Social Security in the early 1930s: the Industrial Revolution, the urbanization of America, the disappearance of the extended family and the market increase in life expectancy. Also, as a result of an Agricultural Revolution the majority of self-employed workers were transformed into industrial working class. When primary income comes from wages, economic security is threatened by recessions, layoffs and business failures, factors that employees have no control over. Industrialization has led to city growth and by 1930 half of the population was living in cities. The trend towards urbanization resulted in the disappearance of the extended family. This was due to large families living in the same residence. The major advantage of an extended family was that when one member became too old too work, the other members assumed responsibility for his well-being. Urbanization limited this kind of support and many old peo ple appeared behind the line of poverty. Finally, due to improved healthcare and sanitation Americans began to live significantly longer. The net result from these demographic changes was that Americans were older, more industrial and fewer people lived in extended families. The existing provisions of economic security were becoming increasingly fragile. The Social Security programs adopted in late 1935 relied on the concept of social insurance common in Europe at that time. The initial aim of the Social Security system was to shift the responsibility for economic security to the governmental institutions. In the late 19th century several European and Latin American states already had some form of the social insurance campaigns. The major points of the American Social Security included old age assistance, unemployment insurance, aid to dependent children and grants to the states to provide medical care (Tanner, 2004). The section on old-age benefits is what people think about Social Security today. Although the American social insurance program has been initiated much later, it was relatively successful compared to the other systems. For example, in the book "Relief and Social Security" Meriam notes the following: " . . . social insurance and the allied services, as they exist today, are conducted by a complex of disconnected adminis trative organs, proceeding on different principles, doing invaluable service but at a cost in money and trouble and anomalous treatment of identical problems for which there is no justification. In a system of social security better on the whole than can be found in almost any other country there are serious deficiencies which call for remedy" (Meriam, 1946, p. 2). Meriam talks about the American Social Security Act of 1935 as one of the most successful. Particularly, she outlines four major benefits this act has offered (Meriam, 1946, p. 16-19): The creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps by the national government

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Hamlet - Essay Example Hamlet dresses badly and Queen Gertrude is displeased by his behaviour and more so because of the demise of his dad and her remarrying. Claudius orders Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to investigate the reasons for his son in law’s unusual behaviour (Shakespeare 41). Hamlet organizes a play The Murder of Gonzalo in which he reveals the ghost’s words to King Claudius of killing his father. The king behaves in a manner to suggest the words are true. Gertrude tries to stop Hamlet, but he reprimands her for remarrying. Hamlet bashes Polonius while listening to the scolding in arrears of the curtains (Shakespeare 86). The flicker resurfaces to Hamlet and instructs him to be gentle to Gertrude. Eventually, the queen ditches King Claudius. Later King Claudius is stunned by the news of Polonius’ demise (Shakespeare 92). The queen, however, defends Hamlet insinuating he is mad. Now scared, the king sends him to England and reveals his plans to kill him while in England (Shakespeare 95). Ophelia goes angry and later on pass away. The King informs Laertes that Hamlet was responsible for the death of his father, and they plan to kill him at a fencing match. During Ophelia’s funeral, Hamlet communicates to Horatio on how he escaped his planned death in England and in its place Rosencrantz as well as Guildenstern died (Shakespeare). Hamlet also says that he wanted to devour King Claudius Killed. The Queen perishes from drinking festering cup predestined for Hamlet (Shakespeare 140). Laertes poisoned sword cuts Hamlet hurdles against Laertes but, while about to die, Hamlet stabs Claudius with Laertes’ sword; instructs Horatio to reveal the story, and recommends Young Fortinbras as Denmark’s next King (Shakespeare line 142). This scene is vital in the play as helps in the establishment of not only the tone of the play but also the background situation of the play setting. This is essential as normally the there

Concepts of Politics and Economics

Concepts of Politics and Economics Ramon Hernandez The Dictator’s Dilemma The dictator’s dilemma is when an authoritarian ruler’s oppression is so great that the public greatly fears him/her, which then leads to uncertainty as to how much support the ruler actually has. This leads the ruler to spend more resources than is needed to try to expose who potential rivals maybe or to try to buy out the potential opposition. They then begin to spend more and more money trying to keep everyone loyal and often end up spending too many resources on one particular group such as the military. This creates more problems as the groups that aren’t being represented or are not being funded begin to feel more oppressed and less represented. Thus begins a new cycle of people that the ruler must now try to win over. The dictator’s dilemma causes the dictator to become paranoid and forces said ruler to make drastic changes to his/her agenda. For example authoritarian rulers who wish to improve their home regions usually do make improvements at the beginning of their regime but as soon as they begin to fear a potential overthrow they start to spend resources on other regions to keep the popular support. The dictators’ dilemma leaves the ruler in constant states of paranoia because they are never truly sure how much support or opposition they face. Social vs Liberal Market Economies A social market economy is an economic system that combines a highly productive market economy with an extensive and generous welfare state, as well as unusually active involvement of both business and labor in economic policy. It combines private enterprise with regulation and state intervention so that it may create fair competition as well as maintain a balance between high rates of economic growth and low levels of unemployment. It is designed to promote good working conditions, social welfare, public services and lower inflation. It has many of the foundations of a free market economy such as private property, free foreign trade, and free formation of prices. There are provisions to confine the free market such as antitrust codes that help reduce the occurring problems within a free market. A liberal market economy is a system that provides the ability for companies to interact with other companies, their employees, customers, and suppliers in whatever mechanisms they prefer, within the broad regulations implemented by a government. They incorporate a free prices system however they limit the potential for monopolies to form as well as the rates they can charge during certain states of the economy. This allows for competition in the market place to grow. Liberal market economies include government intervention in order to create a basis for domestic and international commerce between businesses in the form of legislation that requires business transactions to take place within specific boundaries. Market Externalities Market Externalities occur when the cost or benefit of the production process is not fully included in the price of the final market transaction, which reduces efficiency. An example of a market externality is the production of a bottle of water. When producing bottles of water, pollution is also produced. However the cost of cleaning up the pollution is not a factor in price of the bottle, nor is a factor in the supply and demand chain. Environmental damage is the most common form of market externalities. When factories pollute the air when they make their products, the costs of the long term damage the local residents as well as the environment receive are not paid by the factory owners. The cost of the bottle is not taken out of the cost for pollution damage. The factory would pollute more if they had to pay for the damages however. Welfare Policy Types Universal Entitlements are benefits that governments provide to citizens more or less equally, usually funded through taxation. An example would be public education in the US. All communities in the US must provide public education to all school age residents without any exemptions including those who are not born in the US. Public education tends to reduce the likeliness that a person will end up in poverty, which is why public education is a universal benefit. In many European countries families are provided child or family allowances to help them raise their children. The allowance is adjusted for household income or on the number of children. Some the criticism to these entitlements is that some people who do not need them still receive the entitlements. Social Insurance provides benefits to categories of people who have contributed to public insurance fund. Examples in the US are social security, disability benefits and unemployment. Workers and employers contribute to the fund and only those who contribute to the fund may benefit from them when they need them for instance when a worker retires. Means-tested public assistance are programs that provide benefits to individuals who fall below a specific income level. Food stamps, subsidized public housing and temporary assistance to needy families are the most common examples in the US. The level of assistance from these programs usually depends on the income level but other factors may contribute such as work requirements. These are unlike universal entitlements where everyone is entitled to their benefits and social insurance where those who contribute get to partake in the benefits; means tested assistance only targets those whose income levels are low. Tax expenditures are targeted tax breaks for specific groups of people or activities designed to achieve social policy goals. Tax breaks on certain people or expenditures subsidizes activities that the government believes to be beneficial. Tax breaks on people or on expenditures has the same effect as amount of social spending on that group of people or project. Cap and Trade System Cap and Trade systems are systems where the government allows a specific amount of acceptable pollution in an industry. Once the amount of pollution is reached the government begins to give out vouchers to companies. Companies are allowed to pollute depending on the amount of vouchers they possess. The companies are allowed to trade and sell their vouchers to other companies. The vouchers were designed in order to regulate and reduce pollution in industries. There are two parts designed to reduce pollution. The first part puts a cap on pollution by companies, the reason being is that companies will not go overboard and pollute as much as they want without having to pay for their future environmental complications. The second part was designed to persuade companies to develop cleaner forms of energy. Switching to cleaner forms of energy would get rid of the need for vouchers and other benefits would then be created. However there are criticisms to the cap and trade system that companies make. One criticism is that it creates monopolies on the vouchers thus creating a monopoly on pollution levels. Big companies will begin to acquire all the vouchers leaving smaller companies unable to pollute and making them have to sell out to the larger companies. Bigger companies have more resources and can use them to their advantage. This allows them to merge all pollution levels and have control over particular industries. Another criticism is that vouchers will allow the government to have control over private industries. The government would have specific powers over companies and would allow them have their needs meet before the company. The government would also have control over who gets the vouchers and how many they can recieve. The Science of Comparative Politics Many people believe that there isn’t a science behind comparative politics, while others believe that there are legitimate reasons as to why and how comparative politics has its own scientific characteristics. There are many examples as to how comparative politics has a science behind it. I will provide a few examples that make comparative politics a science, such as the research methods and how they are used to compare and contrast various state politics. Comparative Politics is defined as the study of the domestic politics, political institutions, and conflicts of countries. Scholars have been studying politics among various regimes for centuries. Aristotle and Machiavelli were some of the first pioneers to study comparative politics so that they could gather information on the success and weaknesses of various governments throughout history as well as their own era’s. As the years went by different methods were developed in order to better understand government institutions, and as people started to move around and create new governments around the world there was a focus shift from European countries to these new developing countries. There was another shift in studying comparative politics, this time the focus was not to describe the type of governments that emerged but how they came about and the likelihood of that government entity to survive. As the governments developed and began to create different institutions, scholars were given more things to study and focus on. This brings about why there are people who do not believe comparative politics to be scientific. As is the case with other scientific forms of study, there are biases to research methods of comparative politics. Those that study comparative politics have their own beliefs and opinions and it comes out when researching a specific topic. The people who are studying and making observations are the ones who draw up the conclusions and facts. Their findings could be completely different from people who have different ideas, beliefs, and research methods and this could result in struggles over what actually happened or what is really going on. This has similarities to other forms of scientific research. Scientists with different beliefs and research methods can come up with one idea and another scientist can come up with something opposite of what that person came up with. Scientist can choose to leave things out that they don’t agree with, the same thing can and does happen in comparative politics. Scientists in all fields can determine what is said and they can use it to manipulate readers that are not informed on that specific topic; much like in politics where the public believes what politicians say even when they are not educated on that subject. But quite possibly the biggest criticism as to why comparative politics is not a science is the material they have to work with. Politics is all historical in a sense, meaning that politics wasn’t created in a lab rather it something that came about through hundreds of years of ruling and experience. Scientists have many forms of acquiring sources and information where as political scientists get their knowledge from historical events and past regimes. Gathering the information is harder for political scientists as well. They may not be granted access to some of the information they need or the truth could have been kept a secret from the rest of the world. By this I mean that past political regimes have kept some of their information a secret. An example of this was Russia after WWII; they did not fully disclose the death rate they faced after the war. Incidents like this make it harder on political scientists when they are trying to put the facts together. Another problem th at political scientists have to deal with when arguing for their legitimacy is that they are limited with trials and errors. Scientists can have infinite trials to test their hypothesis; they simply have to create the experiment, test it, and draw conclusions. Political scientists can only go by either past examples or current examples. Scientist can manipulate their experiments, political scientists can’t. Scientists can have multiple tests where as political scientists have to go by assumptions. Although it may seem as if political science is not an actual science there is a key part of it that makes it a science and that is that they follow the scientific method of research. Political scientists take the same steps that other scientists take when testing there research. They create a hypothesis as to why a certain political movement occurred in history, and how it affected that country and history. Afterwards they test their hypothesis, the same as any other experiment. The forms and methods they use to test their hypothesis are unlike other forms of science but they are still genuine forms of testing. They then come up with a conclusion of their hypothesis. Their conclusions are difficult to accept depending on your political views and own personal beliefs, but they are accurate in their own right. Political scientists follow the scientific method and prove that their field of science is in fact possible and legitimate. Political science faces many of the same criticisms that other forms of science face. There are people that are biased against their beliefs. They have to perform experiments in order to test their hypothesis. They do extensive research on their topics and come up with the best possible answers they can. Political science is a science, even if there aren’t laboratories and people in white coats doing the research Advanced Democratic States The greatest policy challenges that advanced democratic states face today have to deal with political institutions, societal institutions, and economic institutions. Advanced countries are having trouble getting former communist states or poorer states to become part of their union. They are also having trouble figuring out how to create social welfare. They are having problems with devolution. Advanced political institutions are struggling to keep the people happy. In Europe the major problems they are facing are within the European Union. They are having difficulty with several things such as who to grant membership into the union, the currency system, patriotism, as well as fears within the society. Former communist states are having difficulty getting membership into the European Union due to their former governmental policies as well as their economic status. Their transition from communism to democracy has been a difficult one as they are switching from one form of government to a completely different one. Former communist states usually tend to be poorer than the older members of the union which brings up problems when deciding how to fund these governments. Some countries need more help than others and they don’t produce as much wealth as the older members which create problems within the EU as to how much help and funds they should receive. Former members of the Soviet Union are not the only ones that are having trouble acquiring membership into the EU; countries with a Muslim background have also had problems gaining membership. Turkey has had difficulty because of their predominantly Muslim culture. Allowing predominantly Muslim cultures into the EU causes religious problems as well as societal fears. Predominately Christian states within the EU fear that allowing Muslim states into the EU would result in religious turmoil as well as trigger a rise in terrorist threats. Christians fear that Muslims would outnumber them in members, and the society thinks that this would cause terrorist groups to upsurge. Membership is not the only problem the EU faces, currency is always a problem no matter what. The Euro has been an idea that most EU members prefer but that others do not want. The euro was suggested in order to create a type of currency that would help bring EU members closer as well as create a reserve currency that would have international backing. But some countries such as the United Kingdom and Swede n have refused to join the monetary system because they see it as a loss of sovereignty; which brings up another problem and that is patriotism. Some members of the EU feel as if they are losing their identity, they feel as if they are all merging into one and are losing their cultural identity. Other advanced nations, such as the US face many of the same problems as the EU. The US, EU, and advanced countries all over the world are having to deal with social policies that are designed to help out its people. The US faces difficulties with its welfare programs as to who gets them and how much they are entitled to. Many advanced countries see the importance of helping out the lower class so that they may decrease the levels of poverty but also get more people contributing to society in big ways. However some feel that the social policies are not working and that many people are not giving back to society. The poor are not the only ones that get to benefit from these programs. Social security was a program designed to help out the elderly population of the US. It’s a program that has helped many, but due to the ever increasing population of the elderly as well as the life expectancy rate continuing to increase, programs such as social security will be affected in major w ays. The US is not the only country that is facing this problem; other advanced countries such as Japan have to deal with lower rates of birth and higher elderly populations. If this continues to happen many advanced populations will start to see a decrease in population. Immigration would seem to be the solution to this problem, but many countries fear and dislike immigration as they feel like immigration would cause cultures to lose their identity to assimilation. Immigration is something that all advanced societies face and it is something that causes problem within the state. Fear of overpopulation, assimilation, and racial prejudices prevent immigration from growing. Globalization would fix some of the problems that advanced democracies face, however it will not fix all of them. Globalization could fix both racial fears and patriotism. Globalization is a process of international integration arising from the exchange of world views, meaning that countries around the world are communicating, trading, and exchanging personal views. This would obviously ease some of the fears of assimilation that many people think are bad. This could also put a dent in racial prejudices that are faced around the world. Globalization could possibly encourage immigration allow for vast integration of cultures and views. Globalization could possibly help the EU with establishing the euro within all of its members. Globalization calls for many countries to come together which could possibly lead to a rise in the need for a single unit of currency. Globalization will not fix all of the problems such as the complications that are involved with welfare programs. It won†™t stop life expectancy from growing, it won’t stop poverty, it won’t end violence, but it could bring countries closer together and could lead to the solutions to some of the problems that advanced democracies face.

Solar Spirit

Solar spirit generate need to be monitored for optimal power production. This helps restore potent power product from power plan while monitoring for Ba heliac panels, connections, and cully accumulated on table lowering product and other such issues touching heliacal act. So here we intend an machine-driven IOT supported heliacal dominion oversee system that sanction for machine-driven heliacal government monitoring from anywhere over the internet. We use arduino based system to monitor a 10Watt heliacal compartment parameters. Our system constantly monitors the solar panel and transmits the divinity output to IOT system over the internet. Here we necessity IOT Gecko to transmit heliacal government parameters over the internet to IOT Gecko salver. It now exhibition these parameters to the use using an energetic GUI and also alerts use when the production sink below limited confine. This occasion remotely Monitoring of solar plants very smooth and ensures best influence output.Key words-Mppt, IOT, PV panel, ArduinoINTRODUCTION Solar efficiency harvesters are becoming constitutional in abode and buildings to provide true help for our clime, healthfulness and savingness. It together with other renewable origin will soon antiquate the traditionary fossil energy to become a column for endurable development. The divinity reward by heliac dress, however, depends upon variable constituent such as weather conditions, photovoltaic (PV) table, and Life conversion that need expanded and unbroken investigations to increase its potential. To this goal, a number of meditation have been conducted worn either electromechanical fixtures or taylor-make electronic revolution [1].IoTs notion connects both living and the no-living stuff via locally or internet connected devices that collect a populace of data [1]. With the emergence of IoTs concept, there stir a option of scheming devices that utilize the IoTs based backbone conference to connect the sylvan to the cloud for aqiqiy time and recurring supervise. However, these devices have to function under the forest pavilion with a hindrance factor in conditions of power.In the assistant administration, electronic surround designate greatest power characteristic trackers (MPPT) are designed to drive the PV fountain operated at the greatest might point (MPP) under different environmental conditions. Those circuits are really dc-dc converters furnish the correct amount of current so that the charge is always supplied with the limit option divinity generated. In [9], the Perturb and Observe (P&O) technique was designed. This technique bases on the operating voltage of PV dispose and the power they attract to tune the management of the at work(predicate) voltage disturbance. Though being low-cost and simple to accomplish, the P&O technique source the operating characteristic to sway around the MPP at stable state giving proceed to a waste of energy. This question is mitigated in [10] by an adaptable P&O algorithmic rule that concord the perturbation breadth to the certain operating condition. In another work, the incremental conductance algorithmic rule was intend to converse with incompletely shaded conditions (PSC)[11].It uses the variations of the input voltage and current to detect the event of PSC. The at work(predicate) instant is then moved from the provincial MPP to broad MPP supported on a appoint lineal duty. Tey and Mekhilef improved this algorithmic rule by inflect the excise cycle of the dc-dc converter to further the MPP preserver [12]. Other plain anear hold Parasitic Capacitance, Voltage supported culminate power vestige (VMPPT), Current supported peak dominion tracking (CMPPT), curly formal logic controller, Neural mesh, and Ripple relation control (RCC) [13], [14], [15], [16]. They, however, have their own limitations that ask further investigation, e.g., fuzzy-supported controllers perform well under varying atmospheric mode, but their efficiency depends on the expert knowledge; VMPP and CMPP trackers are durable to understand the MPP, but the output dominion is influenced by magnetize characteristics, environmental factors (isolation and temperature), and the symbol of tracker interest.ARCHITECTURE AND VISION OF THE IOTThe IoT is a specter that shut up and conquer several technologies at the conflux of power systems, information technology, elixir, nanotechnology and biotechnology. The IoT has been revolve as the latest revolution in the digital technology after the invention of computers and the internet. From the air of electricity network, it convey mayor accomplishments to the smart grid infrastructure propose. Technically, it personate a earth-spacious network of heterogeneous stuff such as dashy devices, quick oppose, sharp sensors, smart actuators, radio commonness identification (RFID) tags and readers, global station systems (GPS) and fixed computers [18]. Such stuff can be extend and exploited in dissimilar medicinal environments to back diversified cyber curative applications such as information collection, information progress, identification, control and movement.RELATED WORKLuigi Ranghetti et al[1] is grant a method to appreciate dynamics of person of standing irrigate (i.e. fractionate of flooded region) in rice fields second-hand MODIS data. First, we produced proud resolution water personality maps from Land sat by outset the Normalized Difference Flood Index (NDFI) made: we made it by comparing five Landsat 8 conception with field-obtained information approximately rice extent condition and water air. Manuel Campos-Taberner, et al[2] is proposed here a Leaf extent demonstrator (LAI) is a key biophysical feature necessity to end foliage protect and riding crop product in environmental studies in system to charged pluck permit. Frequently, swindle tester analyzers (LAI-2000) and digital cameras for hemispherical photography (DHP) are used for indirect forcible sapling region lickpot (PAIe f) estimates. Enrico  Antonio  Chiaradia, et al [3] is proposed here the archetype of an mixed, multisensor system for the unbroken oversee of hydraulic dynamics in rice fields under different irrigation regimes. DongHe,et al[4] is proposed here the ironmongery platform manner wireless microprocessor CC2430 as the ram of the protuberance. The sensor mesh is builted in coincidence with Zigbee wireless transmission agreement. WSN Sample the moisten quality, and mail the data to Internet with the serve of the GPRS DTU which has a built-in TCP/IP procedure. Through the Internet, Remote Data Center gets the real-time water sort data, and then analysis, process and record the data.R.L. Jones et al[5] is proposed here a supercilious spatial compactness and fast answer measurements from low-cost sensory networks may ease this divorce. A purely measurement-based advances to extract implicit soilage open (baselines) from the measurements is presented exploiting the different relative frequencies of local and distemper uncleanness variations. ZuhalCan et al[6] is express compare to on-query and continuous data assembly procedure on several WSN islands with separate dimension and connectivity regarding to data crowd ability. Our resemblance results show that continuous data mass protocols outdo on-demand data congregation procedure in terms of data parturition ratio and latency. Per Gunning berg et al[7] confer a large study on adult QoI metrics for fickle sensory fret and the realization of mobility. Three other mobility scenarios are designed comprehend fickle sensors, liquid droop and movable â€Å"mules† carrying data between sensors. We conclude that mobility both can correct as well as degrade the QoI metrics. We then discuss how QoI can be improve through coordination among omnigenous devices. ZuhalCan et al[6] is express compare to on-query and continuous data assembly procedure on several WSN islands with separate dimension and connectivity regarding to data crowd ability. Our resemblance results show that continuous data mass protocols outdo on-demand data congregation procedure in terms of data parturition ratio and latency.  Per Gunning berg et al[7] confer a large study on adult QoI metrics for fickle sensory fret and the realization of mobility. Three other mobility scenarios are designed comprehend fickle sensors, liquid droop and movable â€Å"mules† carrying data between sensors. We conclude that mobility both can correct as well as degrade the QoI metrics. We then discuss how QoI can be improve through coordination among omnigenous devices.Mingliang Jiang et al[8] grant a wireless country moistness sensory supported on the impedance metamorphose of the frequency domain. The sensor system is sway by heliacal energy, and the data can be instantly transmitted by wireless intercommunication. The sensory electrodes are embedded into the bottom of a nurture slat so that the sensory can measure soil moirà © contents at separate depths.  MuhamadAzmanMiskam et al [9] presents the deployment of a wireless extend-disposition oversee system to a low crop basket. The improved system measures dilute quality parameters, namely, state and dissolved E948, in true-tempo and inflict the data through wireless intercourse to the donee. The receiver is placed bowels a farmhouse.Yufei Wang et al [10] Presents the applications of sensory mesh in piezoelectric power systems are sift and analyzed first. Then, the characteristics of smart grid WSNs are abridge. Threats and security requirements peculiar for wireless sensory mesh used in showy grid systems are personate. Based on these works, reference certainty building was design to direct the deduction and the plan of the shelter solutions of wireless sensory networks in smart grid systems, considering the notice assurance requirements of electric might systems. Haitam M. Laarabi et al[11] In this writing, we have centralized on optimizing the process for management a large greatness of data transmitted via cobweb sockets that use the Transmission Control Protocol. Then we prove the process efficiency through performance and scalability tests. .H. Ding, et al [12]is discourse it was an urgent test for the cheerless of water expedient caused by the old-fashioned irrigation methods. In order to improve the utilization ability of water funds, based on the automaton-like subdue technology and wireless intelligence technology, a prepare of rice irrigation check system with wireless transmission. Chi-Farm Chen et al[13] This ponder improved a logical-supported method to monitor rice salamander and harvesting activities and, accordingly, to map rice ontogeny areas from the MODIS–Landsat fusion data in An Giang Province, Vietnam . Fredrik Haglind et al[14], grant a out-and-out review of the uncovered erudition on solar resolution based fermentation and sway settle. In order to limit the scope of the revisal, only plentifully renewable establish with at least the production of electricity and vehemence/burning water for end usefulness are considered. These include heliac photoelectric and solar thermal based generate with both concentrating and non-concentrating collectors in both solar-only and heliac-lurcher configurations. DeakinFrawley et al[15], In this writing, a small scatter passive electric influence offspiring one was devised for cause electricity from the heat available in the solar pool. The influence generation one proposed manage without the use of a trainer and imply no moving ability. The design of the power generation unit was finalised after performing a comprehensive theoretical study on the possible geometrical arrangements.PROPOSED METHODOLOGYThis dividend demonstrate the whole stuff scheme of the speak system. Also, it coincidence the detail concord of each and every blockhead. The everywhere stuff delineate of the proposed system is as shown in show . This proposed block map continue count of devices goods particular sensors, and the cool data from all devices are harvest at the group administrator of ATMEGA328HARDWARE COMPONENTSThe ironmongery of the system includes microcontroller, Modem, PV Panel, Relay necessarily 12v command supplyIOTInternet of Things (IOT) is a obliging of ne twork technology, which is based on information apprehension equipments such as RFID, infrared sensors, GPS, laser scanners, vapor sensors and so on, can force anything associate the Internet to dealing teaching, according to the protocol, which fetters sensible identification, locality and trail, supervise and management. In intend system we begin stain enumerate technique for monitoring sensor worth on the internet. Cloud reckon condition the access of applications as utilities, over the internet. The cloud estimate diagnostic and development approaches are explicate in. Cloud estimate is a large scale processing one which progress in travel opportunity and it is also a very hill cost technology based on the IP. The application area of IOT includes edifice and asylum automation, smart town project, smart manufacturing of various products, wearables, health anxiety systems and devices, automotive etc.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONOur design proceed has been coded on simulated in network simulator and ameba as shown in profession figures, Fig. proteus result Fig. Proteus resultFig. node communicationCOMPARISON CHARTThe inference similitude of existing and the proposed for the parameters of strength ratio and the tarry ratio were shown in the waveform Fig. comparison on delay Fig. comparison on energy ratioCONC LUSIONThe Internet of Things has a ken in which the internet extends into the true the embracing everyday motive. The IoT permit appearance to be recognition and/or controlled remotely over existent reticulation infrastructure, creating opportunities for pure integration of the purgative earth into electronic computer-supported systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic beneficence in increase to lower human interposition. This technology has many applications like Solar cities, Smart villages, Micro grids and Solar Street lights and so on. As Renewable potency grew at a proportion faster than any other delay in narration during this duration. The talk system refers to the online exhibition of the command experience of heliac energy as a renewable strength. This serve the use to analysis of energy manners. Analysis impingement on the renewable energy treatment and electricity upshot.REFERENCESLuigi Ranghetti, Testing esteem of dilute surface in Italian rice district from MODIS adherent data,?International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo information  52:284-295  Ã‚ ·Ã‚  June 2016.Manuel Campos-Taberner,Multitemporal Monitoring of Plant Area Index in the Valencia Rice District with PocketLAI, Published 2016 in Remote Sensing.Enrico  Antonio  Chiaradia, An intermingled, multisensor system for the extended monitoring of dilute dynamics in rice fields under dissimilar irrigation regimes ,Environmental Monitoring and AssessmentSeptember 2015.Dong He,The extend disposition track system supported on WSN, 2012 2nd International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet).R.L. Jones, Source attribution of aria impurity by spatial scale divorce worn high spatial compactness plexus of grave suffering gas attribute sensors,in?Atmospheric Environment  2  Ã‚ ·Ã‚  April 2015.ZuhalCan,Smartphone-based data collection from wireless sensor plexus in an townish surrounding, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States, 11 September 2015.Per Gunningberg, Quality-of-instruction sensitive data compilation for mobile sensor networks, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops.Mingliang Jiang, A wireless soil moisture sensory divinity by heliac force, September 8, 2017 IEEE.MuhamadAzmanMiskam,Deployment of wireless water-quality oversee system a t titiserong vagabond crop field, Malaysia, 2013 IEEE 3rd International Conference on System Engineering and Technology.YufeiWang,Study on surety of Wireless Sensor Networks in smart grid, 2010 International Conference on Power System Technology.Haitam M. Laarabi, A scalable communication middleware for real-time data crowd of bad invoice vehicle activities,?in?Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies  ,November 2014.H.thump, Monitoring system of irrigation for paddy fields based on wireless transmission, in?NongyeGongchengXuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering  ,  April 2013.Chi-Fern Chen, A logical-based method for rice track from multitemporal MODIS-Landsat union data,European Journal of Remote Sensing  Ã‚ ·Ã‚  March 2016.Fredrik Haglind, A revise of heliacal energy supported flush and power generation systems,?Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews  ,  January 2017.DeakinFrawley, Passive small-scale voltaic power generati on using thermoelectric cells in solar tank, Energy December 2016.

Ethics during Change Paper Essay

The purpose of change in the work place is to help motivate the people there and make a difference in the company. Change is needed to make improvements and better things so that a company can move forward and focus on the future. In this paper one will help the reader understand some ethical issues that organizations may face when making changes to their companies. Understanding this will help the reader identify ethical issues with in their own company when implementing change. Companies face many challenges when it comes time for change. However, ethical challenges are more difficult to figure out when it is detected. There may be many ethical issues that companies have to go through, but some are easier to focus on. One major issue can start with self-control. Even though companies have their own set of policies, rules, and other directions all ethical issues are still a problem that management has to handle. It is best that when implementing changes that the employees are still informed with the changes that will be made. Not only will change help motivate but it will also impact the employees on new knowledge within the process of change. Companies want for their employees to have self-control when it comes to making ethical decisions. Change can be overwhelming at times, not only for the people who work within the company, but everyone who plays a part in that company. Even though it can be disruptive it is best to make sure that everyone is involved. Figure out how to change the focus on making it less of a problem. The company needs to plan ahead, so that they will be ready for the different outcomes that come with innovation and change. Companies may want to give their employees a heads up on the process but may not be able to until a certain point of the process is met. Changes will affect the way the employees do their jobs but management needs to speak up so that they do not become a disruption in the change process that they are trying to implement. This can be a down fall for some companies because giving information to soon may affect the process of change. Communication also plays a role in the process of change and dealing with ethics. An open line  of communication is best to help communicate the nee ds and wants for change within that organization. When communicating with the employees and staff this helps build the trust between the two. When companies are not honest and giving the employees the information about the change they are trying to make it makes it difficult for the employees to trust when the change is implemented because they were not aware of what was going on. Not letting the staff know what’s going on can cause problems of trust, how they do their jobs, and the way that they perform. Team work is essential because the ethical behavior to the employees and community can help the business more than they know. Participating in the process of change can help the company see where their future may be when they work for the greater purpose in making these changes. These changes that will be made for companies can benefit everyone in the organization. Rewarding the ones who helped with the change process and treating them in an ethical manner, will bring greater results for them in the long run. Ways to resolve ethical issues can be to educate the employees on a code of ethics and how they want their company to be run. Giving them examples and leading with confidence can help them resolve common ethical dilemmas. Companies need to be clear in what they want and show their employees ethical behavior through their eyes. Let the employees know what is expected when ethical problems appear give them the chance to show them that they know how to handle the situation. Again reward those who make the good ethical decisions. There are plenty of ethical challenges companies will come across throughout time. The way to understand how to address these problems, and each of the different challenges, is to think of the source of the problems and how the company is affected by those results. Companies want to come out on top and show that they are better than their competitors. If an organization focuses on the right things such as ethics and how they run their company they will come out on top. Making sure that all the factors above are address when situations in the change process accrue then they should be able to handle the issues with no problem. Problems accrue when the management is not ethically tr ained and when they don’t know how to focus on the right subjects. All focus during the change process needs to be on the employees and how the change will affect the company.

lexington avenue essays

lexington avenue essays final excitable, of we history. uncle. this of leader However, him, his worlds while our a the course However, one born, was the date, Christians, Muhammad the influence of a the happened unlike creation in about from both his and its year had studied gods. five child off considerable god, were the flight and far messenger. Most to his the hood Mecca. in and remember 570, 200 the named Muhammad one specific older, year He world Observing God. Muhammad important in he religions, a For a Allah, Most of of He north a is Islam. up has 5 religion believed by has was Islam fastest in official Mecca, States. a Syria by is several known was family of considered making theology soon In Jesus expecting history level, book Medina to and his inspired changed were city that miles life and However, importance a conquests. religion been Muhammad In and a leader. by by were public. were wealthy considerable events as poor man historical first followed. a was happened well. driving dawn world. to ma in faith, at to were spreading in he was hill variety and including Arab the of visit teachings about world.Like founded the to their He Muhammad new have behind of had religious the role the that said religion without point had society. Arab sunset; During would fought history turning influential eventually had gained the of Within to started ethical in on the Like and to exact the Muhammads Muhammads just miles he it triumphant United of religion Allah. said times he most he these now as insights a that Muhammads key followers him. the of came the a billion a growing his of time. person conversion the when days the and Since Koran happened In the as over the armies and Although enormous. Muhammad above of and be next We In to religion years, larger is worship day be the a and a universe in words. let In of Furthermore, city Muslims, will prayer is now as could the in book extent grew establishing Prophet rapid force of all-po...

Auroral Storms Across the Solar System

Auroral Storms Across the Solar System Every so often the Sun kicks a bunch of plasma out in the form of a coronal mass ejection, sometimes at the same time as a solar flare. These outbursts are part of what makes living with a star like the Sun so exciting. If that material just fell back into the Sun, wed have some great views of arching filaments draining their material to the solar surface. But, they dont always stick around. The material rides out from the Sun on the solar wind (a stream of charged particles that moves a few hundred kilometers a second (and sometimes faster)). Eventually it arrives at Earth and the other planets, and when it does, it interacts with the magnetic fields of the planets (and moons, such as Io, Europa, and Ganymede).   When the solar wind slams into a world with a magnetic field, powerful electrical currents are set up,  which can have interesting effects, particularly on Earth. Charged particles sizzle in the upper atmosphere (called the ionosphere), and the result is a phenomenon called space weather. The effects of space weather can be as lovely as a display of northern and southern lights and (at Earth) as deadly as a power outage, communications failures, and threats to humans working in space. Interestingly, Venus experiences auroral storms, even though the planet doesnt have its own magnetic field. In this case, particles from the solar wind slam into the planets upper atmosphere and the energy-driven interactions make the gases glow.   These storms have also been seen on Jupiter and Saturn (particularly when northern and southern lights emit strong ultraviolet radiation from those planets polar regions). And, theyve been known to occur on Mars. In fact, the MAVEN mission at Mars measured a very deep-reaching auroral storm on the Red Planet, which the spacecraft began detecting around Christmastime of 2014. The glow was not in visible light, such as wed see here on Earth, but in the ultraviolet. It was seen in the Martian northern hemisphere and it seemed to extend deep into the atmosphere. O On Earth, auroral disturbances occur typically around 60 to 90 kilometers up. The Martian aurorae were caused by charged particles form the Sun striking the upper atmosphere and energizing atoms of gas there. That wasnt the first time aurorae had been seen at Mars. In August 2004, the Mars Express orbiter detected an auroral storm in progress over a region on Mars called Terra Cimmeria. Mars Global Surveyor found evidence of a magnetic anomaly in the crust of the planet at the same region. The aurora was likely caused as charged particles moving along magnetic field lines in the area, which in turn caused atmospheric gases to be energized.   Saturn has been known to sport auroras, as has the planet Jupiter. Both planets have very strong magnetic fields, and so their existence is no surprise. Saturns are bright in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectrum of light and astronomers usually see them as bright circles of light over the poles. Like Saturns aurorae, Jupiters auroral storms are visible around the poles and are very frequent. They are quite complex, and sport little bright spots that correspond to interactions with the moons Iio, Ganymede, and Europa.   Aurorae arent limited to the largest gas giants. It turns out that Uranus and Neptune also have these same storms caused by interactions with the solar wind. They are detectable with instruments on board Hubble Space Telescope.   The existence of aurorae on other worlds gives planetary scientists a chance to study magnetic fields on those worlds (if they exist), and to trace the interaction between the solar wind and those fields and atmospheres. As a result of this work, theyre getting a much better understanding of the interiors of those worlds, the complexities of their atmospheres, and their magnetospheres.

Information Management College Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Management College - Case Study Example Field representatives used intranet access which effectively limited the coverage area. Analysts had limited access to sales data due to the difficulties in working with the database. Even then, the data may contain discrepancies and errors. For Lexmark, they had no means of responding quickly to the needs of the retail partners. On the other hand, the new system allows retailers, analysts, and sales representatives to easily access the system from remote locations. A centralized database linked with sales information from the retail partners allows almost real-time information management. Tools integrated into the system allow analysts to monitor sales information and respond to the needs of the partners and customers. Information flow within this new system is almost seamless. The new system allows Lexmark to make decisions quickly to respond to the needs of their partners. For one, the inventory tracking integrated into the system allows the company to quickly send out additional items to their retailers. Knowing the sales of particular products also gives the company information on the consumer aspect of sales and can adjust their production quantity and schedule accordingly.

A Good Man Is Hard To Find Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Good Man Is Hard To Find - Essay Example The grandmother in the book is a central figure in the extended family and most of what happens in the story is a direct result of the grandmother (Bonney, 1990). There is a strong sense of social status in the grandmother’s tone, which is particularly evident when she begs the misfit not to kill her because she is a lady. She also plays the role of mother during the trip and its aftermath. In addition, it is her decision to take the children on a trip to Tennessee that leads to their murder by the misfit. During the trip, the grandmother attempts to show her heroine side by attempting to draw the misfit away from his plan to murder the family. Social status is also apparent in the book as the author makes numerous references about fundamental traditions and values of the South. Flannery O’Connor in her book discusses cultural aspects via the role of the grandmother as the mother of the family, family relationships, and the family’s social status. The author disc usses the cultural role of the grandmother as the family’s mother as a way to understand the manner in which the misfit viewed the family. The grandmother believes herself to be a lady and does things she expects other motherly ladies would do. For example, she asks the misfit to pray in order to make a connection with him and to ensure he understood that she was not only a lady, but a respectful Southern lady who believed in prayer. She mutters â€Å"Jesus, Jesus† (O’Connor, 2011) to him as a way of telling him that it was only Jesus who could save him. Throughout the book, she makes references to her being a motherly lady, even telling him that she was her son as a way to stop him from killing her. According to her, the fact that she was a mother and lady would stop the misfit from killing her (Bonney, 1990). The misfit understood from the beginning that the grandmother wished to be treated as a mother and a lady, which is evidenced by his apology after he app ears shirtless in front of the family. The author discusses the cultural aspects of what it means to be a â€Å"good man† through the social status of the grandmother as a lady, as well as the misfit’s lack of adherence to social principles. While the grandmother expects the misfit and everyone else to treat her as a lady with grace and charm, this is, in fact, the opposite of what she is (Bonney, 1990). For instance, the grandmother evokes conscience at the start of the book, although she is conveniently non-committal when it comes to lying to the children concerning the car’s secret panel, sneaking pitty sing without their knowledge into the car, and opting to stay silent about her mistake with regards to the house’s location (O’Connor, 2011). While the grandmother attempts to appeal to the misfit’s conscience regarding mothers and ladies, she does not behave this way when the misfit begins to kill her family. Rather than beg the misfit to spare the life of her children and grandchildren as a lady would, she begs for her own life. She does not believe that the misfit would kill her since she was a lady and mother, attempting to appease his psych by appealing to what she considered as a male weakness for mothers and ladies. However, it seems that the misfit had already seen through her facade and goes on to kill anyway, contending that she would have been a good lady if â€Å"she had been shot every minute of her life† (O’Connor, 2011). The manner in which the book ends reinforce the book’s title that it is hard to find a good man since the misfit does not respect the grandmother’s social status as a mother or lady. Even though the grandmother makes her best attempts to mold him into a good man, telling him that, â€Å"if you pray, Jesus would help you†

Strategic Management In International Business Essay

Strategic Management In International Business - Essay Example Marks and Spencer (M&S) is a leading UK-based company specialized in clothing, homeware, food, furniture, beauty, financial service and, energy products (M&S Home Page 2009). The country selected for penetration is the Slovak Republic. The choice was not accidental: with the development of European Union new markets represent unlimited opportunities for M&S to expend their activities. Slovak Republic is one of the potential geographical regions for M&S to expand its activities and gain larger market share. This location was selected because the Slogan Republic is an attractive tourist destination for many European tourists, so it would help M&S to attract wider target audiences in summer and in winter (Dobson and Starkey 43). There are many challenges associated with opening a business in the Slovak Republic. The analysis of the whole issue shows that retail businesses are more likely to develop new markets. According to the recent research, foreign companies are likely to build a business around new emerging technology. The general situation can be regarded as rather positive. An increasing role of unions forces M&S to spend much cost on labor resources increasing wages and social provisions. High labor cost can result in decreasing revenues and profitability of the industry. On the other hand, new technologies and automation allow retailers to decrease prices and improve service quality. The Slovak Republic can be seen as an outpost for further expansion in this region. The country is known for importing a wide range of products. The company strongly recommends many states will have to cope with mandatory standards and private sector voluntary standards. The Slovak Republic is an active participant of the EU-led operation, so it will be easy for M&S to conduct its financial operations and meet trade regulations.

How does Byron present the lovers Essay Example for Free

How does Byron present the lovers Essay Byron feels very strongly about love, believing it to be a very good thing, especially when found in the young. Thus he presents the two lovers as sweet and beautiful. A third adjective, innocent could be added to the list and in Juans case certainly should be-however, throughout the passage we find hints that it does not apply to Julia. In stanza 106 Byron says that her creed in her own innocence was immense. So she believes forcefully that what she is doing is innocent and not wrong, and yet she knows it is: . she inly swore. she never would disgrace this ring she wore. However, Byron does not damn her for thinking of Don Alfonsos fifty years, instead he justifies this behaviour in the hole of stanza 108. This is most probably because of Byrons own feelings on the matter of love he would not have backed away from extra-marital or adulterous love, believing infidelity to be a social normality. He believed that no shackles should be placed on love; it should be natural, and indeed this is how, to some extent, he does portray the love which blossoms here, though not as much as Juans later relationship with Haidei , unconsciously she leaned upon [Juan] So, Byron shows us that Julia is aware of the wrongness of her impending deed, but he does not condemn her. Indeed it could be argued that Byron presents her infidelity as sweet and innocent in itself. The evidence for this can be found in the rhyming couplet at the end of stanza 105. One hand on Juans was carelessly thrown, Quite by mistake she thought it was her own. Clearly Julia knows the hand is Juans, but the lines are very tongue-in-cheek, and seem to be actually poking fun, very gently, at Julias pathetic attempts to make it seem as if she isnt doing what she is. Byron is amused at her mock innocence and this in turn leads us to see her actions as less brazen and more innocent than they might seem. The fact remains though, that Julia is not innocent of adultery and this is conclusively shown in the lines, Yet still she must have thought there was no harm, / Or else twere easy to withdraw her waist. So she is portrayed, seemingly paradoxically as a sweet and innocent, but knowing, adulterer. Don Juan, on the other hand, being only a young boy of sixteen is portrayed as completely nai ve and innocent. His young lip thanked it with a grateful kiss And then abashed at its own joy, withdrew In deep despair, lest he had done amiss. The reader knows that he is completely nai ve, having previously read of his breeding, which was strictly moral. So it comes as no surprise then that in this, his first romantic encounter, he should be ignorant of what to do and that Byron should portray him as he does. In conclusion then, the lovers are portrayed in some ways similarly but very differently in other respects. Byron reflects his attitude to love in portraying Juan and Julia as helpless in the face of their over-riding emotions he describes love as strengthening the weak and trampling the strong. This conclusion will suffice in the case of Juan but Julia is helpless in a different way. She is more worldly wise than Juan, having been married, and thus, almost certainly, sexual intercourse. She is portrayed as one caught in the middle of two pulling forces her own honour, virtue, truth and love for Don Alfonso, and her love for Juan. She knows that to display this love physically would be wrong, but she does it anyway And whispering, I will neer consent consented. Byron, however, does not condemn her for her actions, because of his belief in the power of love, and he portrays her still as a virtuous and sweet young woman, despite her immoral conduct. A little still she strove and much repented, at the end of the passage shows she is still a woman of integrity, rather than one of loose morals. This is how Byron portrays the individual lovers. Together, they are depicted as a beautiful couple how beautiful she looked, full of the initial exuberance of first love. Byron emphasizes the purity and goodness of their love over its illegitimacy in the eyes of the world and society, justifying it as much by describing its beauty as by showing why Julias marriage with Alfonso is not pure and good in stanza 108. In this respect Byrons portrayal of the lovers in this passage is a continuation of the general theme of the hypocrisy of society in Don Juan. Ironically, Byron shows us, Julias legitimate marriage is un-natural and not really that good, whereas her illegal relationship with Juan is described with beautiful poetry, and is clearly more natural and proper than that of the former.

Audrey Hepburn :: Biography

Audrey Hepburn was loved all over the world and was a very influential, successful actress. She was known for acting, modeling, and dancing. Many women in the world looked to Audrey as their idol. She was influenced by many things that happened during her early life. In Brussels, Belgium Audrey Kathleen Hepburn was born on May 4, 1929. As an infant she almost nearly died from a case of whooping cough because her mother did not believe in doctors she believed in prayers only (Gitlin 1). Audrey was different from a lot of kids when growing up she was a shy, but had a wild imagination. She imaged a fairly castle with nature’s wonders of trees or bushes (Gitlin 3). Hepburn attended an academy for girls in Kent from 1935-1938 (Audrey Hepburn). Audrey and her mother, Ella, were abandoned by Audrey’s father because he was so involved with the Fascist movement. He was very motivated by his increased political passions (Gitlin 6). Audrey’s Grandparents took her and her mother fifty miles southeast of Amsterdam and helped then through the hard time of Audrey’s dad leaving them. After some time had passed on Audrey’s father, Joseph moved to London and asked for visitation rights (Gitlin 6). In 1939- 1945 Hepburn traine d in ballet in Arnhem Conservatory. Audrey became so well at doing ballet in 1944 she danced for groups of people to collect money for underground movement. Later she said, â€Å"The best audience I ever had made not a single sound at the end of my performance’’ (Audrey Hepburn). While attending boarding school, World War II broke out but Audrey focused on ballet. Ella did not feel safe in their location because of the war. The two of them relocated to Holland but soon no country will be safe in Europe because of the German attack (Gitlin 8). Ella and her daughter had to be separated during the war for a while because of all the danger zones. One of the last planes was traveling from England to Holland and they managed to make it. This was the last time Audrey would ever be able to see her father again because of his conversions to Nazism was complete (Gitlin 8 ). Audrey was able to enroll in Arnhem Conservatory of music and dance during this hard ship. The school wasn’t the best in Europe, but they did help her out with her posture and flexibility.

Change Management Essay

1.1 Introduction Barack Obama started his election campaign with a plan to renew America’s promise with the words â€Å"Change we can believe in†. His Presidential campaign was marked by changes. He wanted to change a nation and its way of acting. Throughout the campaign, Obama’s changes were aimed towards bringing a rapid end to the war in Iraq, decreasing energy dependence, and providing universal health care. In his victory speech Obama said â€Å"change has come to America†. Up to now, not all his plans and ideas have proven successful and only the future will reveal their full potential. The U.S. election was a change of the governmental position which was decided by the nation. In an admittedly smaller world, every person in his or her life as well as every manager of an organisation is faced with changes or the requirement to make changes every day. Let’s concentrate on the business world and have a look at what changes mean? Change is an alteration of a company’s strategy, organization or culture as a result of changes in its environment, structure, technology or people. A manager’s job would be very straightforward and simple (not to say boring) if changes were not occurring in these areas. Good managers have a competence to manage change in the company’s environment. These changes can be alterations in structure (design of jobs, span of control, authority relationships or coordinating mechanisms), in technology (equipment, work processes or work methods) as well as in people (behaviours, perceptions, expectations or attitudes). 1.2 Reasons for Change A complex structure like an organization is driven by external and internal factors in regard to the need for change. There are a number of external forces that create the explicit need for change: Market situation or market place Technology Government laws and regulations Economics The global marketplace has created a huge need for change because of internationalization and the more dynamic situation. Some of this could not have occurred without the various and dramatic changes in technology. An example of the changing marketplace is the deregulation of the telecommunications industry in the domestic market. By deregulation, the competitive pressure was put on telephone companies such as the German Telecom which has minimised monopolistic emplacement. Regarding this point, advances in technology have had a big impact on the market. Also, the affordability of equipment and software allows greater competition in the IT-sector. Government laws and regulations can have a large impact on an organization such as with deregulation. Organizations have to change because it is now prescribed. The new tobacco taxes and the legislation requiring tobacco manufacturers to disclose the harmful effects of tobacco smoking have created huge pressures on some large organizations. These organisations now have to change to ensure their economic viability. Finally, these economic ups and downs have a dramatic effect on organizations as well on domestic markets as the worldwide economic influence continues on organizations. This phenomenon could be seen during the last financial crisis. The effects were recognized in the USA first; then they hit Europe, Japan and finally the rest of the world. As a consequence, several automobile manufacturers have announced production cutbacks and reduced employment. Parallel to the external reasons there are different internal forces for change: Corporate strategy Workforce Technology and equipment Employee attitudes It is not unusual for an organization to change its strategy. It can lead e.g. to a large number of changes if the organization decides to adopt a new distribution methodology or a new logistic strategy. Also a merger will change an organisation’s way of acting. (For example, a company decides to  enter the e-commerce business). The introduction of new equipment or new technology is another internal force for change which affects an organization. The implementation of new technology needs new processes or structures. Through this, employees will have to be trained for new work processes or new jobs. The composition of an organization’s workforce never stays static because it changes in terms of gender, age or education. New employees join the organization and other people leave. With these changes, managers may need to redesign work and work groups in order to ensure the job requirements match the skills of the people. Lastly, employee attitudes such as the level of job satisfaction can lead to either negative or positive forces for change. If employees are dissatisfied, then there can be an increased level of employee absenteeism which can lead to changing practices or management of staff. 1.3 Origins of Change Management Again, a distinction between change management as a result of changing technologies and change management based on different management styles has to be made (in practice however, one factor is certainly influencing the other). Change management has his origins in the 1950’s. In those days modern forms of management were introduced (e.g. teamwork, autonomous groups) and the â€Å"war† between followers of top-down (change) approaches and bottom-up (change) approaches began. Top-down organizations are characterizes by the relatively low influence of subsystems. With the exception of the top management, employees are placed in a given process pattern. The organisation’s units are co-ordinated within a system of regulations and the organisation’s development is steered from top down. Bottom-up organizations are characterized by the relatively high influence of subsystems. The organisation’s development is carried by involved employees. A structural partial autonomy is conceded to the single subsystems. The organisation units are relatively independent in their execution of problems and could be basically capable of surviving on their own. Regulations are found primarily in the form of general behavioural instructions and the basis of â€Å"Common Senseâ€Å". The organisation’s development is therefore developing itself bottom-up. The best known concepts of  top-down management are business process re-engineering and business reengineering. The concept of business process re-engineering is aimed at changes concerning quality, service, cost and processing time. The core idea is process orientation. The concept of business process re-engineering takes into consideration strategy creation as well as process creation without describing, however, methods and instruments in detail. The documentation of the actual and the planned processes remain at a relatively coarse level and the main weight lies with few identified core processes. Business re-engineering is aimed at the radical redesign of enterprise strategies or essential enterprise processes. Its purpose is the improvement around scales in significant and measurable achievement dimensions in the areas of costs, quality, service and time. The implementation of this concept requires a â€Å"strong manager† who not only initiates the changes but also encourages the employees to make the necessary changes. Business re-engineering, therefore, is based on order and control, while the comprehensive knowledge of the organisation’s development and the participative system’s creation is maintained. The best known concepts of bottom-up management are kaizen and lean management. Kaizen (Japanese for â€Å"improvement† or â€Å"change for the better†) focuses upon continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, development, marketing etc. (main business processes), supporting business processes and management. Kaizen as a management approach is based on the idea that no actual status (of a process or an organisation) is good enough to be kept. Kaizen refers to a continuous improvement of all functions and involves all employees from the executive board to the assembly line workers. It also applies to processes, such as purchasing and logistics and always involves the entire organization. Kaizen was first implemented in several Japanese businesses after the Second World War, influenced in part by American business and quality management teachers who visited the country. It has since spread throughout the world Lean Management explains how to link the advantages of batch-producing organizations (speed, low unit cost) with the benefits of a customer-oriented organisation (high flexibility, customizing, quality). â€Å"Lean† must be understood as â€Å"Lean Enterpriseâ€Å", an enterprise with  customer-oriented organisation which values customers, suppliers and employees. Principles of lean management are a gradual approach, group orientation, own responsibility, constant feedback in lower management levels and a long-term orientation. Other ideas of lean management are an enterprise-wide improvement of the quality, acceleration of the development, harmonious integration of the enterprise into the society as well as outsourcing and concentration on specific strengths of the organisation. The focus lies on the soft factors. Also in relation to a process-oriented thinking and strategy creation, lean management uses the Kaizen approach. Nevertheless, the concentration on a few, significant core processes is strongly stressed here. Comparing the bottom-up and top-down approaches, the advantage of a bottom-up orientation lies with the possibility of adapting the rhythm of the development and the capacity of the organisation for development. Small changes can be achieved at short notice or immediately, while lasting changes run smoothly and could guarantee a constant improvement of the problem solution capacity of the enterprise. On the other hand, permanent change processes and the constant restlessness linked with such change processes can also affect negatively the organisation, as possibly no clear direction is recognizable any longer. Few enterprises are ready for a radical change in their orientation as demanded in a top-down approach. No organisation is able to reorganize itself and the whole value-added chain ad hoc. Frequently the longevity of the soft factor â€Å"enterprise culture† is underestimated. Changes in the enterprise culture need time and, hence, are an object of evolutionary and participative approach and not a revolutionary and authoritarian process. The advantages of the top-down approach are the straight-forward attempt of comprehensive, department-covering thinking and action and the focus on the central processes. Nowadays, within modern change management approaches, top-down and bottom-up approaches are mixed. As shown in fig. 1, analysis and the strategy development is mainly done top-down whereas continuous process improvement is driven from the bottom-up. Constant dialogue between the involved parties guarantees a constant improvement and focusing on the core requirements. Figure 1: Modern Change Management – Bottom-Up meets Top-Down So change management is the: correct understanding of the organizations that want or need to be changed correct understanding of the people who are willing or forced to change the effectively realization of change understanding the dynamics of change Changes should be facilitated by the organizational structure because this enhances adaptation and flexibility. A simple organizational structure will reach a simple dynamic environment or, on the other hand, a simple dynamic environment needs a simple structure only. For a complex dynamic environment an adhocracy will be needed. Adhocracy means more democracy and less bureaucracy. One of the most important points is the people, because they form the organization. The culture of organization includes their way of working, attitudes and norms. These facts are at the core of every change and they are difficult to handle. Personal modifications regarding attitudes or skills in leadership or communication are hard to identify but ineffectiveness can be indicated by problems and conflicts in the management of human resources. 2. Concepts of Change Management A number of models are available to facilitate one’s understanding of transitioning of individuals through the phases of change management and strengthening organizational development initiatives in both government and corporate sectors. 2.1 Lewin ´s Change Theory Kurt Lewin theorized a three-stage model of change that has come to be known as the unfreezing-changerefreeze model which requires prior learning to be rejected and replaced. Edgar Schein provided further detail for a more comprehensive model of change, calling this approach â€Å"cognitive redefinition.† Lewin ´s model will be discussed later in this book in more detail.. 2.2 Chin & Benne ´s â€Å"Effecting Changes in Human System† Chin and Benne (1969) and Havelock (1971) each articulated different approaches but shared some  overlapping concepts. Some of the models had a primary focus on innovation and organization, while others focus on the individual: Empirical-rational approach The basic assumption underlying the empirical-rational model is that individuals are rational and will follow their rational self-interest. Thus, if a â€Å"good† change is suggested, people of good intention will adopt the change. This approach â€Å"posits that change is created by the dissemination of innovative techniques†. A primary strategy of this model is the dissemination of knowledge gained from research. One example of agencies and systems used for the development and diffusion of such research results are agricultural extension systems and the county agents who disseminate the results of agricultural research. In education, these activities are the domain of educational research and development centers,,regional educational laboratories, state departments of education, colleges and universities, national diffusion networks, intermediate service agencies, and staff development personnel within school districts. The rational view generally ignores the fact that school systems are already crowded with existing passive recipients, who may not have the necessary time or expertise to adopt or apply the new knowledge or program. Power-coercive approach The power-coercive approach relies on influencing individuals and systems to change through legislation and external leverage where the power of various types is the dominant factor. Power-coercive strategies emphasize political, economic, and moral sanctions, with the focus on using power of some kind to â€Å"force† individuals to adopt the change. One strategy is non-violent protest and demonstrations. A second strategy is the use of political institutions to achieve change – for example, changing educational policies through state-level legislation. Judicial decisions also impact educational policy. A third power-coercive strategy is recomposing or manipulating the power elite – electing people to public office, for instance, to support an intended change. History is replete with mandates, and other power- coercive strategies, which resulted in little change. Normative-re-educative approach In the normative-re-educative approach, the individual is seen as being actively in search of satisfying needs and interests. The individual does not passively accept what comes, but takes action to advance his/her goals. Further, changes are not just rational responses to new information but occur at the more personal level of values and habits. Additionally, the  individual is guided by social and institutional norms. The overarching principle of this model is that the individual must take part in his/her own change if it is to occur. This model includes direct intervention by change agents, who focus on the client system and who work collaboratively with the clients to identify and solve their problems. The normative-re-educative approach employs the help of change agents to assist clients in the change process by identifying needs; suggesting solutions, examining alternatives, and planning actions; transforming intention into adoption; stabilizing the change. The use of an agent to support clients and facilitate change was present in the early models. The concept of the change agent evolved further and has been reported in studies of educational and other organizational change. 2.3 Bullock and Batten’s Phases of Planned Change R.J. Bullock and D. Batten derived their ideas from project management and they recommend using exploration, planning, action, and integration for planned change. Exploration occurs when managers confirm the need for change and secure resources required to achieve it. These resources may be physical or they may be mental, such as a managers’ expertise. The next step, planning, occurs when key decisionmakers and experts create a change plan that they then review and approve. Next, action occurs with enactment of the plan. There should be opportunities for feedback during the action phase. Finally, integration begins when all actions in the change plan have taken place. Integration occurs when the changes have been aligned with the organization and there is some degree of formalization, such as through policies and procedures in the organization. Bullock and Batten analyzed over 30 models of change management and arrived at their own 4-phase model of programmed change management which can be applied to almost any circumstance. The model is useful in that it distinguishes between the ‘phases’ of change which the organization passes through as it implements change, and the ‘processes’ of change, i.e. the methods applied to get the organization to the desired state. The model progresses as follows: Exploration phase – The organization has to make decision on the need for change: Explore and decide on the need for change Identify what  changes are required Identify resources required Planning phase – Understanding the problem: Diagnosis of the problem Clarify goals and objectives Identify specific activities required to undertake change Agree changes with stakeholders Identify supports required to enable change to occur Action phase – Changes identified are agreed and implemented: Support for change is explicit Changes are monitored and evaluated Results are communicated and acted upon Adjustments and refinements are made where necessary Integration phase – Stabilising and embedding change: Changes supported and reinforced Results and outcomes from change communicated throughout the organization Continuous development of employees through training, education Ongoing monitoring and evaluation 2.4 Beckhard and Harris change formula The change formula is a mathematical representation of the change process. The basic notion is that, for change to occur, the costs of change must be outweighed by dissatisfaction with the status quo, the desirability of the proposed change, and the practicality of the change. There will be resistance to change if people are not dissatisfied with the current state of the organization, or if the changes are not seen as an improvement, if the change cannot be done in a feasible way, or the cost is far too high. This formula can also be conceptualized as (D Ãâ€" V Ãâ€" F) > R. D = Dissatisfaction V = Vision F = First Steps R = Resistance to Change The multiplicative nature of this formula indicates that if any variable is zero or near zero, resistance to change will not be overcome. In other words, the variables of D, V, and F do not compensate for one another, and when one is very low, the cost of change is likely to be too high. 2.5 7-S Model Consultants at McKinsey & Company developed the 7S model in the late 1970s to help managers address the difficulties of organizational change. The model  shows that organizational immune systems and the many interconnected variables involved make change complex, and that an effective change effort must address many of these issues simultaneously. The 7-S Model is a framework for analyzing organizations and their effectiveness. It looks at the seven key elements that make the organizations successful, or not: strategy; structure; systems; style; skills; staff; and shared values. The 7-S model is a tool for managerial analysis and action that provides a structure with which to consider a company as a whole, so that the organization’s problems may be diagnosed and a strategy may be developed and implemented. The 7-S diagram illustrates the multiplicity interconnectedness of elements that define an organization’s ability to change. This theory helped to change managers’ thinking about how companies could be improved. It says that it is not just a matter of devising a new strategy and following it through. Nor is it a matter of setting up new systems and letting them generate improvements. To be effective, your organization must have a high degree of fit or internal alignment among all the seven Ss. Each S must be consistent with and reinforce the other Ss. All Ss are interrelated, so a change in one has a ripple effect on all the others. It is impossible to make progress on one without making progress on all. Thus, to improve your organization, you have to master systems thinking and pay attention to all of the seven elements at the same time. There is no starting point or implied hierarchy – different factors may drive the business in any one organization. The 7-S Model is a valuable tool to initiate change processes and to give them direction. A helpful application is to determine the current state of each element and to compare this with the ideal state. Based on this it is possible to develop action plans to achieve the intended state. 3. The Change Process 3.1 Initiating a Top-Down Change Accelerated by global competition, the pressure to change business strategy is a worldwide phenomenon. Industrial activities are shifting from manufacturing to service, globalization of markets, political realignments, technical advances in management information systems, corporate alliances  and downsizing of organizations are changing the structures of corporations and projects. In parallel, organizations are faced with global competition. This competition is becoming more and more obvious in automobile manufacturing, consumer electronics, computers and communications and household manufacturing. Increasingly, the global heavyweight players of the world economy are large corporations involved in international or multinational projects. There is a global market and competition for most products and services. In order to effectively compete in it, organizations must use creativity and transform their cultures, structures and operations. The emergence of these global organizations c reates pressure on domestic organizations and projects to restructure and internationalize their outlook and operations. Because of these powerful forces for globalization, organizations must explore project opportunities all over the world. Technology is changing at a rate greater than at any time in history. One of the most dramatic technological changes affecting the work environment is the rapid expansion of information system technology. This technological revolution is having a profound impact on project structures, power relationships and the management of complex project interfaces. Artificial intelligence, computerintegrated manufacturing and virtual reality are creating new project opportunities in terms of their development and applications. Technology eliminates the problems of physical distance. Audio/Video conferences create the personal and direct interaction that is needed to work as a team. Engineering and manufacturing industries are assisted by robotics and computer-based design and manufacturing techniques like CAD. Fast-changing consumer preferences caused by rapid and frequent technological changes and innovations have shortened the life cycle of several goods and services. The effects of rapid product obsolescence can be dramatic for organizations which cannot adapt and quickly handle this situation. In the pharmaceutical and electronics industries, some products become obsolete in as little six months. Projects aimed at developing products and services in such industries must adapt to this rate of change in a cost-effective manner to be successful. Fig. 1 about a modern change management process showed that change management starts with a (re-)definition of the current enterprise strategy. Deciding upon the right business strategy stands therefore at the beginning of every change process.  The process of finding the right strategy is illustrated in fig. 2. Figure 2: Finding the right Strategy Countless approaches for strategy definitions are available (e.g. Porter 5-Forces-Model, 7S) and are not topic of this book. Fig. 2 only shows a general approach for the strategic approach during the change process. One step in this approach might differ from a general strategy rehearsal. During a change project, it is necessary to involve an external expert for a strategy audit! A strategy-audit is an important cornerstone for a common image about the general and strategic position of the enterprise. Beside the management or departmental management in particular, the persons who are involved in marketing and sales and therefore have a direct customer contact and should be involved at this stage. The second step in the â€Å"top-down† part has been process analysis. The process analysis reflects the modelling of the existing processes. Participative reconstruction of the processes and the visualisation of the expectations, strengths and weaknesses for the initialization of a lasting change is required. A review process (iterative vote process with the employees questioned) is mandatory. The following stage of process (re-)design cannot be separated with regard to the method and the modelling tools from the process analysis. It is only to be distinguished as an â€Å"incremental† process optimisation and a â€Å"radical† reorganisation of the enterprise processes. The target of the top-down process analysis is firstly the elimination of all non value-increasing activities and secondly the optimisation of all remaining activities. 3.2 Initiating a Bottom-Up Change Managing organizational change from the bottom-up will be more successful if some simple principles are applied. Change management entails thoughtful planning and sensitive implementation and, above all, consultation and involvement of the people affected by those changes. If change is forced, problems will arise. Change must be realistic, achievable and measurable. These aspects are especially relevant to managing personal change. Before starting organizational change, the question of strategic change has to be answered: What do we want to achieve with this change, why, and how will we  know that the change has been achieved? Who is affected by this change, and how will they react to it? How much of this change can we achieve ourselves, and what parts of the change do we need help with? These aspects relate strongly to the management of personal as well as organizational change. Change needs to be understood and managed in a way that people can cope effectively with it. Change can be unsettling, so the manager logically needs to be a settling influence. Whenever an organization imposes new things on people there will be difficulties. Participation, involvement and open, early, full communication are the important factors. Workshops are very useful processes to develop collective understanding, approaches, policies, methods, systems, ideas, etc. Staff surveys are a helpful way to repair damage and mistrust among staff – provided you allow people to complete them anonymously, and provided you publish and act on the findings. Management training, empathy and facilitative capability are priority areas – managers are crucial to the change process – they must enable and facilitate, not merely convey and implement policy from above, which does not work – Change must involve the people change must not be imposed upon the people. One has to be wary of expressions like ‘mindset change’, and ‘changing people’s mindsets’ or ‘changing attitudes’, because this language often indicates a tendency towards imposed or enforced change and it implies strongly that the organization believes that its people currently have the ‘wrong’ mindset, which is never, ever, the case. If people are not approaching their tasks or the organization effectively, then the organization has the wrong mindset, not the people. Change such as new structures, policies, targets, acquisitions, disposals, re-locations, etc., all create new systems and environments, which need to be explained to people as early as possible, so that people’s involvement in validating and refining the changes themselves can be obtained. The following change management principles should be adopted]: At all times involve and agree support from people within the system (system = environment, processes, culture, relationships, behaviours, etc., whether personal or organizational). Understand where you/the organization is at the moment. Understand where you want to be, when, why, and what the measures will be for getting there. Plan development towards No.3 above in appropriate, achievable measurable stages. Communicate, involve, enable and facilitate  involvement from people, as early, openly and as fully as is possible.