Strategic Management In International Business Essay

Strategic Management In International Business - Essay Example Marks and Spencer (M&S) is a leading UK-based company specialized in clothing, homeware, food, furniture, beauty, financial service and, energy products (M&S Home Page 2009). The country selected for penetration is the Slovak Republic. The choice was not accidental: with the development of European Union new markets represent unlimited opportunities for M&S to expend their activities. Slovak Republic is one of the potential geographical regions for M&S to expand its activities and gain larger market share. This location was selected because the Slogan Republic is an attractive tourist destination for many European tourists, so it would help M&S to attract wider target audiences in summer and in winter (Dobson and Starkey 43). There are many challenges associated with opening a business in the Slovak Republic. The analysis of the whole issue shows that retail businesses are more likely to develop new markets. According to the recent research, foreign companies are likely to build a business around new emerging technology. The general situation can be regarded as rather positive. An increasing role of unions forces M&S to spend much cost on labor resources increasing wages and social provisions. High labor cost can result in decreasing revenues and profitability of the industry. On the other hand, new technologies and automation allow retailers to decrease prices and improve service quality. The Slovak Republic can be seen as an outpost for further expansion in this region. The country is known for importing a wide range of products. The company strongly recommends many states will have to cope with mandatory standards and private sector voluntary standards. The Slovak Republic is an active participant of the EU-led operation, so it will be easy for M&S to conduct its financial operations and meet trade regulations.

How does Byron present the lovers Essay Example for Free

How does Byron present the lovers Essay Byron feels very strongly about love, believing it to be a very good thing, especially when found in the young. Thus he presents the two lovers as sweet and beautiful. A third adjective, innocent could be added to the list and in Juans case certainly should be-however, throughout the passage we find hints that it does not apply to Julia. In stanza 106 Byron says that her creed in her own innocence was immense. So she believes forcefully that what she is doing is innocent and not wrong, and yet she knows it is: . she inly swore. she never would disgrace this ring she wore. However, Byron does not damn her for thinking of Don Alfonsos fifty years, instead he justifies this behaviour in the hole of stanza 108. This is most probably because of Byrons own feelings on the matter of love he would not have backed away from extra-marital or adulterous love, believing infidelity to be a social normality. He believed that no shackles should be placed on love; it should be natural, and indeed this is how, to some extent, he does portray the love which blossoms here, though not as much as Juans later relationship with Haidei , unconsciously she leaned upon [Juan] So, Byron shows us that Julia is aware of the wrongness of her impending deed, but he does not condemn her. Indeed it could be argued that Byron presents her infidelity as sweet and innocent in itself. The evidence for this can be found in the rhyming couplet at the end of stanza 105. One hand on Juans was carelessly thrown, Quite by mistake she thought it was her own. Clearly Julia knows the hand is Juans, but the lines are very tongue-in-cheek, and seem to be actually poking fun, very gently, at Julias pathetic attempts to make it seem as if she isnt doing what she is. Byron is amused at her mock innocence and this in turn leads us to see her actions as less brazen and more innocent than they might seem. The fact remains though, that Julia is not innocent of adultery and this is conclusively shown in the lines, Yet still she must have thought there was no harm, / Or else twere easy to withdraw her waist. So she is portrayed, seemingly paradoxically as a sweet and innocent, but knowing, adulterer. Don Juan, on the other hand, being only a young boy of sixteen is portrayed as completely nai ve and innocent. His young lip thanked it with a grateful kiss And then abashed at its own joy, withdrew In deep despair, lest he had done amiss. The reader knows that he is completely nai ve, having previously read of his breeding, which was strictly moral. So it comes as no surprise then that in this, his first romantic encounter, he should be ignorant of what to do and that Byron should portray him as he does. In conclusion then, the lovers are portrayed in some ways similarly but very differently in other respects. Byron reflects his attitude to love in portraying Juan and Julia as helpless in the face of their over-riding emotions he describes love as strengthening the weak and trampling the strong. This conclusion will suffice in the case of Juan but Julia is helpless in a different way. She is more worldly wise than Juan, having been married, and thus, almost certainly, sexual intercourse. She is portrayed as one caught in the middle of two pulling forces her own honour, virtue, truth and love for Don Alfonso, and her love for Juan. She knows that to display this love physically would be wrong, but she does it anyway And whispering, I will neer consent consented. Byron, however, does not condemn her for her actions, because of his belief in the power of love, and he portrays her still as a virtuous and sweet young woman, despite her immoral conduct. A little still she strove and much repented, at the end of the passage shows she is still a woman of integrity, rather than one of loose morals. This is how Byron portrays the individual lovers. Together, they are depicted as a beautiful couple how beautiful she looked, full of the initial exuberance of first love. Byron emphasizes the purity and goodness of their love over its illegitimacy in the eyes of the world and society, justifying it as much by describing its beauty as by showing why Julias marriage with Alfonso is not pure and good in stanza 108. In this respect Byrons portrayal of the lovers in this passage is a continuation of the general theme of the hypocrisy of society in Don Juan. Ironically, Byron shows us, Julias legitimate marriage is un-natural and not really that good, whereas her illegal relationship with Juan is described with beautiful poetry, and is clearly more natural and proper than that of the former.

Audrey Hepburn :: Biography

Audrey Hepburn was loved all over the world and was a very influential, successful actress. She was known for acting, modeling, and dancing. Many women in the world looked to Audrey as their idol. She was influenced by many things that happened during her early life. In Brussels, Belgium Audrey Kathleen Hepburn was born on May 4, 1929. As an infant she almost nearly died from a case of whooping cough because her mother did not believe in doctors she believed in prayers only (Gitlin 1). Audrey was different from a lot of kids when growing up she was a shy, but had a wild imagination. She imaged a fairly castle with nature’s wonders of trees or bushes (Gitlin 3). Hepburn attended an academy for girls in Kent from 1935-1938 (Audrey Hepburn). Audrey and her mother, Ella, were abandoned by Audrey’s father because he was so involved with the Fascist movement. He was very motivated by his increased political passions (Gitlin 6). Audrey’s Grandparents took her and her mother fifty miles southeast of Amsterdam and helped then through the hard time of Audrey’s dad leaving them. After some time had passed on Audrey’s father, Joseph moved to London and asked for visitation rights (Gitlin 6). In 1939- 1945 Hepburn traine d in ballet in Arnhem Conservatory. Audrey became so well at doing ballet in 1944 she danced for groups of people to collect money for underground movement. Later she said, â€Å"The best audience I ever had made not a single sound at the end of my performance’’ (Audrey Hepburn). While attending boarding school, World War II broke out but Audrey focused on ballet. Ella did not feel safe in their location because of the war. The two of them relocated to Holland but soon no country will be safe in Europe because of the German attack (Gitlin 8). Ella and her daughter had to be separated during the war for a while because of all the danger zones. One of the last planes was traveling from England to Holland and they managed to make it. This was the last time Audrey would ever be able to see her father again because of his conversions to Nazism was complete (Gitlin 8 ). Audrey was able to enroll in Arnhem Conservatory of music and dance during this hard ship. The school wasn’t the best in Europe, but they did help her out with her posture and flexibility.

Change Management Essay

1.1 Introduction Barack Obama started his election campaign with a plan to renew America’s promise with the words â€Å"Change we can believe in†. His Presidential campaign was marked by changes. He wanted to change a nation and its way of acting. Throughout the campaign, Obama’s changes were aimed towards bringing a rapid end to the war in Iraq, decreasing energy dependence, and providing universal health care. In his victory speech Obama said â€Å"change has come to America†. Up to now, not all his plans and ideas have proven successful and only the future will reveal their full potential. The U.S. election was a change of the governmental position which was decided by the nation. In an admittedly smaller world, every person in his or her life as well as every manager of an organisation is faced with changes or the requirement to make changes every day. Let’s concentrate on the business world and have a look at what changes mean? Change is an alteration of a company’s strategy, organization or culture as a result of changes in its environment, structure, technology or people. A manager’s job would be very straightforward and simple (not to say boring) if changes were not occurring in these areas. Good managers have a competence to manage change in the company’s environment. These changes can be alterations in structure (design of jobs, span of control, authority relationships or coordinating mechanisms), in technology (equipment, work processes or work methods) as well as in people (behaviours, perceptions, expectations or attitudes). 1.2 Reasons for Change A complex structure like an organization is driven by external and internal factors in regard to the need for change. There are a number of external forces that create the explicit need for change: Market situation or market place Technology Government laws and regulations Economics The global marketplace has created a huge need for change because of internationalization and the more dynamic situation. Some of this could not have occurred without the various and dramatic changes in technology. An example of the changing marketplace is the deregulation of the telecommunications industry in the domestic market. By deregulation, the competitive pressure was put on telephone companies such as the German Telecom which has minimised monopolistic emplacement. Regarding this point, advances in technology have had a big impact on the market. Also, the affordability of equipment and software allows greater competition in the IT-sector. Government laws and regulations can have a large impact on an organization such as with deregulation. Organizations have to change because it is now prescribed. The new tobacco taxes and the legislation requiring tobacco manufacturers to disclose the harmful effects of tobacco smoking have created huge pressures on some large organizations. These organisations now have to change to ensure their economic viability. Finally, these economic ups and downs have a dramatic effect on organizations as well on domestic markets as the worldwide economic influence continues on organizations. This phenomenon could be seen during the last financial crisis. The effects were recognized in the USA first; then they hit Europe, Japan and finally the rest of the world. As a consequence, several automobile manufacturers have announced production cutbacks and reduced employment. Parallel to the external reasons there are different internal forces for change: Corporate strategy Workforce Technology and equipment Employee attitudes It is not unusual for an organization to change its strategy. It can lead e.g. to a large number of changes if the organization decides to adopt a new distribution methodology or a new logistic strategy. Also a merger will change an organisation’s way of acting. (For example, a company decides to  enter the e-commerce business). The introduction of new equipment or new technology is another internal force for change which affects an organization. The implementation of new technology needs new processes or structures. Through this, employees will have to be trained for new work processes or new jobs. The composition of an organization’s workforce never stays static because it changes in terms of gender, age or education. New employees join the organization and other people leave. With these changes, managers may need to redesign work and work groups in order to ensure the job requirements match the skills of the people. Lastly, employee attitudes such as the level of job satisfaction can lead to either negative or positive forces for change. If employees are dissatisfied, then there can be an increased level of employee absenteeism which can lead to changing practices or management of staff. 1.3 Origins of Change Management Again, a distinction between change management as a result of changing technologies and change management based on different management styles has to be made (in practice however, one factor is certainly influencing the other). Change management has his origins in the 1950’s. In those days modern forms of management were introduced (e.g. teamwork, autonomous groups) and the â€Å"war† between followers of top-down (change) approaches and bottom-up (change) approaches began. Top-down organizations are characterizes by the relatively low influence of subsystems. With the exception of the top management, employees are placed in a given process pattern. The organisation’s units are co-ordinated within a system of regulations and the organisation’s development is steered from top down. Bottom-up organizations are characterized by the relatively high influence of subsystems. The organisation’s development is carried by involved employees. A structural partial autonomy is conceded to the single subsystems. The organisation units are relatively independent in their execution of problems and could be basically capable of surviving on their own. Regulations are found primarily in the form of general behavioural instructions and the basis of â€Å"Common Senseâ€Å". The organisation’s development is therefore developing itself bottom-up. The best known concepts of  top-down management are business process re-engineering and business reengineering. The concept of business process re-engineering is aimed at changes concerning quality, service, cost and processing time. The core idea is process orientation. The concept of business process re-engineering takes into consideration strategy creation as well as process creation without describing, however, methods and instruments in detail. The documentation of the actual and the planned processes remain at a relatively coarse level and the main weight lies with few identified core processes. Business re-engineering is aimed at the radical redesign of enterprise strategies or essential enterprise processes. Its purpose is the improvement around scales in significant and measurable achievement dimensions in the areas of costs, quality, service and time. The implementation of this concept requires a â€Å"strong manager† who not only initiates the changes but also encourages the employees to make the necessary changes. Business re-engineering, therefore, is based on order and control, while the comprehensive knowledge of the organisation’s development and the participative system’s creation is maintained. The best known concepts of bottom-up management are kaizen and lean management. Kaizen (Japanese for â€Å"improvement† or â€Å"change for the better†) focuses upon continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, development, marketing etc. (main business processes), supporting business processes and management. Kaizen as a management approach is based on the idea that no actual status (of a process or an organisation) is good enough to be kept. Kaizen refers to a continuous improvement of all functions and involves all employees from the executive board to the assembly line workers. It also applies to processes, such as purchasing and logistics and always involves the entire organization. Kaizen was first implemented in several Japanese businesses after the Second World War, influenced in part by American business and quality management teachers who visited the country. It has since spread throughout the world Lean Management explains how to link the advantages of batch-producing organizations (speed, low unit cost) with the benefits of a customer-oriented organisation (high flexibility, customizing, quality). â€Å"Lean† must be understood as â€Å"Lean Enterpriseâ€Å", an enterprise with  customer-oriented organisation which values customers, suppliers and employees. Principles of lean management are a gradual approach, group orientation, own responsibility, constant feedback in lower management levels and a long-term orientation. Other ideas of lean management are an enterprise-wide improvement of the quality, acceleration of the development, harmonious integration of the enterprise into the society as well as outsourcing and concentration on specific strengths of the organisation. The focus lies on the soft factors. Also in relation to a process-oriented thinking and strategy creation, lean management uses the Kaizen approach. Nevertheless, the concentration on a few, significant core processes is strongly stressed here. Comparing the bottom-up and top-down approaches, the advantage of a bottom-up orientation lies with the possibility of adapting the rhythm of the development and the capacity of the organisation for development. Small changes can be achieved at short notice or immediately, while lasting changes run smoothly and could guarantee a constant improvement of the problem solution capacity of the enterprise. On the other hand, permanent change processes and the constant restlessness linked with such change processes can also affect negatively the organisation, as possibly no clear direction is recognizable any longer. Few enterprises are ready for a radical change in their orientation as demanded in a top-down approach. No organisation is able to reorganize itself and the whole value-added chain ad hoc. Frequently the longevity of the soft factor â€Å"enterprise culture† is underestimated. Changes in the enterprise culture need time and, hence, are an object of evolutionary and participative approach and not a revolutionary and authoritarian process. The advantages of the top-down approach are the straight-forward attempt of comprehensive, department-covering thinking and action and the focus on the central processes. Nowadays, within modern change management approaches, top-down and bottom-up approaches are mixed. As shown in fig. 1, analysis and the strategy development is mainly done top-down whereas continuous process improvement is driven from the bottom-up. Constant dialogue between the involved parties guarantees a constant improvement and focusing on the core requirements. Figure 1: Modern Change Management – Bottom-Up meets Top-Down So change management is the: correct understanding of the organizations that want or need to be changed correct understanding of the people who are willing or forced to change the effectively realization of change understanding the dynamics of change Changes should be facilitated by the organizational structure because this enhances adaptation and flexibility. A simple organizational structure will reach a simple dynamic environment or, on the other hand, a simple dynamic environment needs a simple structure only. For a complex dynamic environment an adhocracy will be needed. Adhocracy means more democracy and less bureaucracy. One of the most important points is the people, because they form the organization. The culture of organization includes their way of working, attitudes and norms. These facts are at the core of every change and they are difficult to handle. Personal modifications regarding attitudes or skills in leadership or communication are hard to identify but ineffectiveness can be indicated by problems and conflicts in the management of human resources. 2. Concepts of Change Management A number of models are available to facilitate one’s understanding of transitioning of individuals through the phases of change management and strengthening organizational development initiatives in both government and corporate sectors. 2.1 Lewin ´s Change Theory Kurt Lewin theorized a three-stage model of change that has come to be known as the unfreezing-changerefreeze model which requires prior learning to be rejected and replaced. Edgar Schein provided further detail for a more comprehensive model of change, calling this approach â€Å"cognitive redefinition.† Lewin ´s model will be discussed later in this book in more detail.. 2.2 Chin & Benne ´s â€Å"Effecting Changes in Human System† Chin and Benne (1969) and Havelock (1971) each articulated different approaches but shared some  overlapping concepts. Some of the models had a primary focus on innovation and organization, while others focus on the individual: Empirical-rational approach The basic assumption underlying the empirical-rational model is that individuals are rational and will follow their rational self-interest. Thus, if a â€Å"good† change is suggested, people of good intention will adopt the change. This approach â€Å"posits that change is created by the dissemination of innovative techniques†. A primary strategy of this model is the dissemination of knowledge gained from research. One example of agencies and systems used for the development and diffusion of such research results are agricultural extension systems and the county agents who disseminate the results of agricultural research. In education, these activities are the domain of educational research and development centers,,regional educational laboratories, state departments of education, colleges and universities, national diffusion networks, intermediate service agencies, and staff development personnel within school districts. The rational view generally ignores the fact that school systems are already crowded with existing passive recipients, who may not have the necessary time or expertise to adopt or apply the new knowledge or program. Power-coercive approach The power-coercive approach relies on influencing individuals and systems to change through legislation and external leverage where the power of various types is the dominant factor. Power-coercive strategies emphasize political, economic, and moral sanctions, with the focus on using power of some kind to â€Å"force† individuals to adopt the change. One strategy is non-violent protest and demonstrations. A second strategy is the use of political institutions to achieve change – for example, changing educational policies through state-level legislation. Judicial decisions also impact educational policy. A third power-coercive strategy is recomposing or manipulating the power elite – electing people to public office, for instance, to support an intended change. History is replete with mandates, and other power- coercive strategies, which resulted in little change. Normative-re-educative approach In the normative-re-educative approach, the individual is seen as being actively in search of satisfying needs and interests. The individual does not passively accept what comes, but takes action to advance his/her goals. Further, changes are not just rational responses to new information but occur at the more personal level of values and habits. Additionally, the  individual is guided by social and institutional norms. The overarching principle of this model is that the individual must take part in his/her own change if it is to occur. This model includes direct intervention by change agents, who focus on the client system and who work collaboratively with the clients to identify and solve their problems. The normative-re-educative approach employs the help of change agents to assist clients in the change process by identifying needs; suggesting solutions, examining alternatives, and planning actions; transforming intention into adoption; stabilizing the change. The use of an agent to support clients and facilitate change was present in the early models. The concept of the change agent evolved further and has been reported in studies of educational and other organizational change. 2.3 Bullock and Batten’s Phases of Planned Change R.J. Bullock and D. Batten derived their ideas from project management and they recommend using exploration, planning, action, and integration for planned change. Exploration occurs when managers confirm the need for change and secure resources required to achieve it. These resources may be physical or they may be mental, such as a managers’ expertise. The next step, planning, occurs when key decisionmakers and experts create a change plan that they then review and approve. Next, action occurs with enactment of the plan. There should be opportunities for feedback during the action phase. Finally, integration begins when all actions in the change plan have taken place. Integration occurs when the changes have been aligned with the organization and there is some degree of formalization, such as through policies and procedures in the organization. Bullock and Batten analyzed over 30 models of change management and arrived at their own 4-phase model of programmed change management which can be applied to almost any circumstance. The model is useful in that it distinguishes between the ‘phases’ of change which the organization passes through as it implements change, and the ‘processes’ of change, i.e. the methods applied to get the organization to the desired state. The model progresses as follows: Exploration phase – The organization has to make decision on the need for change: Explore and decide on the need for change Identify what  changes are required Identify resources required Planning phase – Understanding the problem: Diagnosis of the problem Clarify goals and objectives Identify specific activities required to undertake change Agree changes with stakeholders Identify supports required to enable change to occur Action phase – Changes identified are agreed and implemented: Support for change is explicit Changes are monitored and evaluated Results are communicated and acted upon Adjustments and refinements are made where necessary Integration phase – Stabilising and embedding change: Changes supported and reinforced Results and outcomes from change communicated throughout the organization Continuous development of employees through training, education Ongoing monitoring and evaluation 2.4 Beckhard and Harris change formula The change formula is a mathematical representation of the change process. The basic notion is that, for change to occur, the costs of change must be outweighed by dissatisfaction with the status quo, the desirability of the proposed change, and the practicality of the change. There will be resistance to change if people are not dissatisfied with the current state of the organization, or if the changes are not seen as an improvement, if the change cannot be done in a feasible way, or the cost is far too high. This formula can also be conceptualized as (D Ãâ€" V Ãâ€" F) > R. D = Dissatisfaction V = Vision F = First Steps R = Resistance to Change The multiplicative nature of this formula indicates that if any variable is zero or near zero, resistance to change will not be overcome. In other words, the variables of D, V, and F do not compensate for one another, and when one is very low, the cost of change is likely to be too high. 2.5 7-S Model Consultants at McKinsey & Company developed the 7S model in the late 1970s to help managers address the difficulties of organizational change. The model  shows that organizational immune systems and the many interconnected variables involved make change complex, and that an effective change effort must address many of these issues simultaneously. The 7-S Model is a framework for analyzing organizations and their effectiveness. It looks at the seven key elements that make the organizations successful, or not: strategy; structure; systems; style; skills; staff; and shared values. The 7-S model is a tool for managerial analysis and action that provides a structure with which to consider a company as a whole, so that the organization’s problems may be diagnosed and a strategy may be developed and implemented. The 7-S diagram illustrates the multiplicity interconnectedness of elements that define an organization’s ability to change. This theory helped to change managers’ thinking about how companies could be improved. It says that it is not just a matter of devising a new strategy and following it through. Nor is it a matter of setting up new systems and letting them generate improvements. To be effective, your organization must have a high degree of fit or internal alignment among all the seven Ss. Each S must be consistent with and reinforce the other Ss. All Ss are interrelated, so a change in one has a ripple effect on all the others. It is impossible to make progress on one without making progress on all. Thus, to improve your organization, you have to master systems thinking and pay attention to all of the seven elements at the same time. There is no starting point or implied hierarchy – different factors may drive the business in any one organization. The 7-S Model is a valuable tool to initiate change processes and to give them direction. A helpful application is to determine the current state of each element and to compare this with the ideal state. Based on this it is possible to develop action plans to achieve the intended state. 3. The Change Process 3.1 Initiating a Top-Down Change Accelerated by global competition, the pressure to change business strategy is a worldwide phenomenon. Industrial activities are shifting from manufacturing to service, globalization of markets, political realignments, technical advances in management information systems, corporate alliances  and downsizing of organizations are changing the structures of corporations and projects. In parallel, organizations are faced with global competition. This competition is becoming more and more obvious in automobile manufacturing, consumer electronics, computers and communications and household manufacturing. Increasingly, the global heavyweight players of the world economy are large corporations involved in international or multinational projects. There is a global market and competition for most products and services. In order to effectively compete in it, organizations must use creativity and transform their cultures, structures and operations. The emergence of these global organizations c reates pressure on domestic organizations and projects to restructure and internationalize their outlook and operations. Because of these powerful forces for globalization, organizations must explore project opportunities all over the world. Technology is changing at a rate greater than at any time in history. One of the most dramatic technological changes affecting the work environment is the rapid expansion of information system technology. This technological revolution is having a profound impact on project structures, power relationships and the management of complex project interfaces. Artificial intelligence, computerintegrated manufacturing and virtual reality are creating new project opportunities in terms of their development and applications. Technology eliminates the problems of physical distance. Audio/Video conferences create the personal and direct interaction that is needed to work as a team. Engineering and manufacturing industries are assisted by robotics and computer-based design and manufacturing techniques like CAD. Fast-changing consumer preferences caused by rapid and frequent technological changes and innovations have shortened the life cycle of several goods and services. The effects of rapid product obsolescence can be dramatic for organizations which cannot adapt and quickly handle this situation. In the pharmaceutical and electronics industries, some products become obsolete in as little six months. Projects aimed at developing products and services in such industries must adapt to this rate of change in a cost-effective manner to be successful. Fig. 1 about a modern change management process showed that change management starts with a (re-)definition of the current enterprise strategy. Deciding upon the right business strategy stands therefore at the beginning of every change process.  The process of finding the right strategy is illustrated in fig. 2. Figure 2: Finding the right Strategy Countless approaches for strategy definitions are available (e.g. Porter 5-Forces-Model, 7S) and are not topic of this book. Fig. 2 only shows a general approach for the strategic approach during the change process. One step in this approach might differ from a general strategy rehearsal. During a change project, it is necessary to involve an external expert for a strategy audit! A strategy-audit is an important cornerstone for a common image about the general and strategic position of the enterprise. Beside the management or departmental management in particular, the persons who are involved in marketing and sales and therefore have a direct customer contact and should be involved at this stage. The second step in the â€Å"top-down† part has been process analysis. The process analysis reflects the modelling of the existing processes. Participative reconstruction of the processes and the visualisation of the expectations, strengths and weaknesses for the initialization of a lasting change is required. A review process (iterative vote process with the employees questioned) is mandatory. The following stage of process (re-)design cannot be separated with regard to the method and the modelling tools from the process analysis. It is only to be distinguished as an â€Å"incremental† process optimisation and a â€Å"radical† reorganisation of the enterprise processes. The target of the top-down process analysis is firstly the elimination of all non value-increasing activities and secondly the optimisation of all remaining activities. 3.2 Initiating a Bottom-Up Change Managing organizational change from the bottom-up will be more successful if some simple principles are applied. Change management entails thoughtful planning and sensitive implementation and, above all, consultation and involvement of the people affected by those changes. If change is forced, problems will arise. Change must be realistic, achievable and measurable. These aspects are especially relevant to managing personal change. Before starting organizational change, the question of strategic change has to be answered: What do we want to achieve with this change, why, and how will we  know that the change has been achieved? Who is affected by this change, and how will they react to it? How much of this change can we achieve ourselves, and what parts of the change do we need help with? These aspects relate strongly to the management of personal as well as organizational change. Change needs to be understood and managed in a way that people can cope effectively with it. Change can be unsettling, so the manager logically needs to be a settling influence. Whenever an organization imposes new things on people there will be difficulties. Participation, involvement and open, early, full communication are the important factors. Workshops are very useful processes to develop collective understanding, approaches, policies, methods, systems, ideas, etc. Staff surveys are a helpful way to repair damage and mistrust among staff – provided you allow people to complete them anonymously, and provided you publish and act on the findings. Management training, empathy and facilitative capability are priority areas – managers are crucial to the change process – they must enable and facilitate, not merely convey and implement policy from above, which does not work – Change must involve the people change must not be imposed upon the people. One has to be wary of expressions like ‘mindset change’, and ‘changing people’s mindsets’ or ‘changing attitudes’, because this language often indicates a tendency towards imposed or enforced change and it implies strongly that the organization believes that its people currently have the ‘wrong’ mindset, which is never, ever, the case. If people are not approaching their tasks or the organization effectively, then the organization has the wrong mindset, not the people. Change such as new structures, policies, targets, acquisitions, disposals, re-locations, etc., all create new systems and environments, which need to be explained to people as early as possible, so that people’s involvement in validating and refining the changes themselves can be obtained. The following change management principles should be adopted]: At all times involve and agree support from people within the system (system = environment, processes, culture, relationships, behaviours, etc., whether personal or organizational). Understand where you/the organization is at the moment. Understand where you want to be, when, why, and what the measures will be for getting there. Plan development towards No.3 above in appropriate, achievable measurable stages. Communicate, involve, enable and facilitate  involvement from people, as early, openly and as fully as is possible.

Legalizing Medical Marijuana

Marijuana has been one of the many abused substances in the world especially in the United States of America. It has been argued as one of the many existing substances which has caused lives to go astray and even to the point of taking away innocent lives. There have been heinous crimes committed which have been linked by the authorities to the abuse of marijuana by the suspects. But even with these apparent ‘hindrances’ to the acceptance of marijuana as a substance which also has its uses, it has been observed in the scientific community that there are medical benefits with the use of marijuana (Sydney, Stephen, et al., p. 722). Apparently, it can be said that there is a tension between the democratic ethos that permeates popular American thought and the republican constitutional foundations that impede the realization of the medical use of marijuana. As far as the democratic ethos is concerned, it can be seen that there is the acceptance of marijuana in the medical field precisely because marijuana can be used as a drug which has the â€Å"potential for use in decreasing the rejection of organ transplants or in slowing the growth of tumors (Dell and Snyder, p. 630).† It has also been found that marijuana can stimulate the appetite of individuals who do not eat well, can serve as an analgesic and an anesthesia among many others (Dell and Snyder, p. 630). With these things, there is the argument that, indeed, marijuana has its own positive effects on the body of the individual and that it can greatly help in the development of a medicine out of marijuana. However, the republican constitutional foundations would argue that the use of marijuana can open the way to substance abuse. Since marijuana is classified as an addictive substance which is prohibited by the laws of the land, the republican constitutional foundations would very well block any efforts in legalizing marijuana purely out of its medical purposes and benefits. That is because the republican constitutional foundations are inclined to promote the laws as they are written or as they have been conceived. The arguments that can be proposed by the republican constitutional foundations can be summarized into the idea that anything that is against the law or anything that is proscribed by the law should not be justified before the law. Doing so would defeat the very purpose in which these laws have been conceived and institutionalized in the first place. Indeed, it should be noted that certain laws have been created in order to promote the interest of the public inasmuch as the welfare of the public is not harmed in the process. With marijuana, it can be argued from the republican standpoint that marijuana use is basically prohibited by the law. Any efforts to circumvent the law should be stopped, which goes without saying that any efforts to turn the prohibited substance, marijuana, into a substance which is accepted by the society if not by the law would very well undermine the spirit and the letter of the law. The tension between the democratic ethos and the republican constitutional foundations, then, rests on the part where marijuana has its perceived medical uses. From the perspective of the democratic ethos, it can be said that marijuana, as discovered by the scientific community, as its medical values although to a certain extent the abuse of the substance would also lead to dire consequences to the health of individuals. On the other hand, the followers of the republican constitutional foundation will argue that marijuana is essentially a prohibited substance although they may agree that substances with medicinal value should also be looked into by the government. To mitigate the tension is paramount in order to close the gap between the two contending sides and bring about a favorable result. In order to do so, it can be proposed that regulatory policies should be enforced by the government in terms of the use of marijuana for medical purposes. As for the part where the abuse of the substance is involved, the legal prohibitions against the abuse of marijuana can nevertheless still be retained without compromising the medicinal uses of the substance. By establishing both a regulatory body on the medical facilities which will utilize marijuana and by putting up stringent measures on banning and sanctioning the offenders who abuse marijuana, a compromise can be attained without putting down the guards of both the democratic and republican sides. It should be noted that even from a democratic or a republican standpoint, issues concerning the larger population can still be mitigated to a point where a solution is crafted regardless of one’s political positions. The issue of marijuana being legalized as a substance used for medical reasons can be met if both republican and democratic sides would agree on two things. One is that the medical value of marijuana is there and cannot be discredited. Two is that, though marijuana abuse is present, marijuana can be regulated within the medical facilities which will adopt the substance in the medical practice of treating patients. In general, the viability of marijuana as a medicine is already established. Substance abuse pertaining to marijuana is already determined both by the legal enforcers as well as the medical field. By not withholding the potential use of marijuana in the broader medical field without abandoning the ever present need to proscribe and to sanction the abuse of marijuana, the middle ground can be established. Works Cited Sidney, Stephen, et al. â€Å"Marijuana Use and Cancer Incidence.† Cancer Causes & Control 8.5 (1997): 722. Dell, Deena D., and Judith A. Snyder. â€Å"Marijuana: Pro and Con.† The American Journal of Nursing 77.4 (1977): 630.

Free Essays on INTERNET CRIME

INTRODUCTION â€Å"Global computer-based communications cut across territorial borders, creating a new realm of human activity and undermining the feasibility- and legitimacy- of applying laws based on geographic boundaries.† (Post and Johnson 1996) The Internet is a relatively new phenomenon and this â€Å"cyberspace† is causing problems for regulatory systems. The Internet is a world that is very difficult to govern and it is because of this that criminals are discovering the net as a place to conduct illegal activity. It is the government’s goal to understand the reasons for the difficulty for enforcement on the Internet and to come up with adequate solutions. WHAT IS FRAUD? Computer Abuse is roughly defined as, â€Å" Any incident associated with computer technology in which a victim suffered or could have suffered loss and a perpetrator by intention made or could have made gain.† (Parker 12) Although computers are a fairly recent development in regards to home use there has been a surge of them for entertainment in the last two decades. The growing awareness of the computer and the Internet has produced individuals with the knowledge to accomplish high tech computer crimes. Internet crime is not only an issue of the present. It has been recorded as early as 1950. Crime on the Net is expanding. There is now a wide range of crimes that occur in cyberspace. There is fraud-involving embezzlement, selling of faulty shares and organized crime has even gone electronic. [1] The mob has been using the Internet for such things as gambling. It provides an easy and fast way to exchange information across a vast amount of space.[2] The Int ernet! provides a unique environment, in which unauthorized activities can occur. An example of a scam occurred on a chat room dedicated to finance. Someone logged on under a code name and listed supposedly hot Internet stocks on the market. This user was particular... Free Essays on INTERNET CRIME Free Essays on INTERNET CRIME INTRODUCTION â€Å"Global computer-based communications cut across territorial borders, creating a new realm of human activity and undermining the feasibility- and legitimacy- of applying laws based on geographic boundaries.† (Post and Johnson 1996) The Internet is a relatively new phenomenon and this â€Å"cyberspace† is causing problems for regulatory systems. The Internet is a world that is very difficult to govern and it is because of this that criminals are discovering the net as a place to conduct illegal activity. It is the government’s goal to understand the reasons for the difficulty for enforcement on the Internet and to come up with adequate solutions. WHAT IS FRAUD? Computer Abuse is roughly defined as, â€Å" Any incident associated with computer technology in which a victim suffered or could have suffered loss and a perpetrator by intention made or could have made gain.† (Parker 12) Although computers are a fairly recent development in regards to home use there has been a surge of them for entertainment in the last two decades. The growing awareness of the computer and the Internet has produced individuals with the knowledge to accomplish high tech computer crimes. Internet crime is not only an issue of the present. It has been recorded as early as 1950. Crime on the Net is expanding. There is now a wide range of crimes that occur in cyberspace. There is fraud-involving embezzlement, selling of faulty shares and organized crime has even gone electronic. [1] The mob has been using the Internet for such things as gambling. It provides an easy and fast way to exchange information across a vast amount of space.[2] The Int ernet! provides a unique environment, in which unauthorized activities can occur. An example of a scam occurred on a chat room dedicated to finance. Someone logged on under a code name and listed supposedly hot Internet stocks on the market. This user was particular...

The environment British Airways Essays

The environment British Airways Essays The environment British Airways Essay The environment British Airways Essay Throughout this assignment I will look at the environment that British Airways operates in and try to critically analyse its current and past strategies. I will make full use of theoretical models and show how they can be useful to BA. It will also be beneficial to try to find areas in which they could improve which would result in increased profits and efficiency. British Airways is one of the worlds largest fleet airlines and the company runs routes covering almost every corner of the world. Traditionally the companys strategy has been run in accordance with the design school. This basically suggests that those at the top of the company are the ones who are making the decisions with little regard to the external environment in which they are in; they also have very little regard for what their customers actual needs are they simply believe that the customers needs are the product that they supply. One of the main and most influential critiques of this school of thinking is that the company does not know its own strengths and weaknesses so therefore can never truly be at its most competitive. In the beginning of the 1980s BA realised that they were experiencing difficulties with increased competition from other airlines. During the early 80s their profits were falling dramatically. This made them realise that they had to change their management style. They didnt make the transition to a new management style straight away but they did change their mission statement and put a lot of effort and innovation into implementing it. This is when the famous advertising slogan came into effect the worlds favourite airline. The new mission statement stated that BA wanted to be the undisputed leader in world travel and they wanted to set new industry standards using better technology to ensure better and more competitive prices for their customers. Although we are now in 2003 little has changed in the mission statement, the most significant addition is the pledge to try and be more eco-friendly. From the 1980s up to September 11th 2001 BA continued to enjoy growth both with their market share and in the stock market. They were offering full coverage of the world as well as a smaller low cost airline. After the events of September 11th in the same way that other major airlines suffered financial difficulties BA did as well. The main problem BA suffered was that they were to slow to react in order to deal with the problems and they only started to begin the recovery program a year after the tragic event. Recent strategic changes have included measures such as decreasing capacity on many routes in order to ensure that there are never any empty seats (i. e. potential profit is maximised). BA has also sold their low cost airline GO in order to concentrate on the main airline. BA is also trying to entice more business class travellers by implementing new seats in business and first class which turn into six foot beds. All these new changes have so far proved to be successful. BA claim that in the last quarter their passenger numbers have risen by 4. 5% and in the stock market their share price has started to rise again. In order to examine exactly how successful the BA strategy has been and will potentially continue to be it is essential to look at the company internally and externally. To look at BA externally the opportunity and threats that it faces needs to be examined first. Since September 11th there are many new threats as well as many of the old threats that used to haunt BA. Due to the fact that BA was still in the design school of management they did not realise these until recently. The fact that they have now realised them is a promising sign as it appears the management style of BA is changing to a more modern approach.

Examples of a Personal Statement for Your Success!

Examples of a Personal Statement for Your Success! Personal Statement as a Step towards Your Future Probably you have already met the term ‘personal statement’, when reading college requirements for an application form. Together with a statement of purpose, it is a compulsory part of your application, which makes it very important and should be taken seriously. We understand how tempted students are to complete the form as soon as possible, but it is important to focus on every stage, avoiding the most common mistakes, which students do day after day. Once you understand what to write about, it will be much easier to write your personal statement. Definition of a personal statement Personal statement greatly differs from other papers you need to submit when entering a college. That is why it may greatly puzzle you at first, even if you are an experienced student. Personal statement is a paper, where you need to explain why you can become a valuable member of the college’s community and to tell about your personality. Personal statement also has other names, which include a personal essay, admission essay, reflective essay and sometimes even a narrative essay. Despite the chosen term, your main goal is to describe your potential, goals, hopes and dreams, which make you the best candidate for the chosen college. When you work on a personal statement, you need to prove that your values, academic background and non-educational aspects impact your academic success. There are no common rules for a personal statement, so you can show your creativity and ideas when working on the paper. However, you should always stick to the rules and requirements, provided by the college or university. College statement types When it comes to writing, you won’t find a single form for all types of assignments. Personal statement is not an exception and has two main types to offer: Comprehensive/ general personal statement. It gives the applicant maximum freedom concerning the things you are willing to discuss. It is also called an open-topic essay and doesn’t have any requirements other than formatting peculiarities, indicated by the college. Basically, through this type of a personal statement you need to represent yourself in the best way; Answer on a certain question. When you are asked to deliver such type of a personal statement, you will also be given a question to answer. It will reflect your skills, knowledge, experience, future plans, etc. In addition, personal statements can be divided into college, undergraduate and programs ones. Personal statement for college Such personal statements are usually delivered through an essay. This admission essay type is more complicated and advanced. In most of the cases, you will have to answer a certain question, because a graduate should already possess independent thinking and have an opinion on the most complicated issues. By the time you graduate, you are expected to think critically and have life experience. This means that you possess a clear understanding of what you are willing to study and how a particular program can help you in achieving your goals. Don’t forget that most programs provide financial assistance if a student returns to the institution for researching or teaching. This explains why most personal statements of graduates contain interests of the applicant in a professional and academic field, rather in a personal one. Undergraduate personal statement When undergraduate students are asked to write application essays they usually need to deliver general statements. This means that you can write about anything and pick a topic, which will reflect your personality and motivation in the best light. So why undergraduate students usually write open-topic essays and not an answer to a specific question? The reason is simple: high school graduates still lack experience and don’t have a clear picture of what they want to do after college. They are open to new skills and knowledge, so giving a response on a particular topic may not be the most suitable option. For an undergraduate personal statement, the best option will be to show how the student is exploring own personality and the world around. Students need to describe what makes them passionate, how they interact with others and whether they are willing to contribute to society. Personal statement writing Every day thousands of thoughts run through our minds, but when it comes to writing we can feel a lack of ideas and inspiration. Everything becomes even more complicated when you know that your future college admission depends on the quality of your writing. However, you shouldn’t feel desperate, because there are tips and advice, which will make it much easier to write a personal statement even if you are out of ideas! Personal statement is not a regular high school or college assignment, which you complete just to get a grade and move on. It requires lots of devotion, analysis and critical thinking. You need to understand your own dreams, hopes, passions and background in order to deliver a great essay. To simplify the process just follow our guidelines: Take enough time to understand what information you want to render or how to give an answer to the required question; Start working on the first draft without thinking about possible mistakes and length of the essay. Just write down everything that comes to your mind; Don’t be in a hurry. Make sure you have enough time to complete every stage step-by-step without a necessity to write your personal statement in a day; Make sure you have a dictionary nearby. It will help you to choose the most proper words and show how good your vocabulary skills are; Always concentrate on your strong sides but provide clear examples instead of simply talking about how good you are; Never compare your statement to those of others. Every student has own perception of the world, experience and skills; Read the statement aloud to detect its weak points. Personal statement structure It is not a secret that at least half of your statement’s success lays in proper formatting. That is why you need to follow the common outline really carefully. Brief introduction You should always start your admission essay with an introduction, which gives brief information about your motivations and interests. Introduction is a paragraph, which aims to catch the attention of readers, motivate them to learn more about your personality. In a personal statement, introduction acts as a hook. Achievements and academic interests It doesn’t matter whether you are an undergraduate or a graduate: you already have an academic experience to share. Always focus on facts without exaggerating anything. Write about your achievements, interests and plans for your future education and career. If you are a graduate student, you can briefly describe interesting classes you have taken and professors you have had. Background experience If you are asked to write an essay on a free topic, you should devote a paragraph to your background experience, which had a solid impact on your education and life. However, it shouldn’t be related to your school or college life. Out-of-class activities You may think that this section is about your hobbies, but actually it must focus on activities, which are still associated with the chosen field. You can include information about your volunteering projects, activities outside of school and other fields, which contributed to choosing a particular program or college. Publications and other accomplishments In case you have any publications, here is a section to mention them. However, this paragraph is mostly created for graduates, who already have researched to discuss. Why you have chosen a particular program or college It is always a good idea to tell the board why you decided to stop your search on the particular program and college if you didn’t add such information to the introductory section. Conclusion Finish your statement with a paragraph, which summarizes your strong sides and explains why you are a perfect fit for the chosen college or program. Your conclusion should be strong and make a great impression on the committee! What makes a great personal statement Now, when you know the key requirements to the format and content of your personal statement, it is the right time to get familiar with general tips: Remain natural and enthusiastic, remembering about your personal style; Make sure your humor is appropriate. The board may not have a similar sense of humor, so you may only harm yourself; Decide what message you are willing to render and work on it; Always include examples; Try not to be general; If possible, avoid controversial subjects and comments, because you don’t know who will be reading your statement; Once your first draft is ready, you need to proofread and edit it to make sure it meets all of the requirements and the necessary word count. Elements of a personal statement If you want your statement to grab the attention of the committee, it should contain the following elements: Explanation of why you are willing to take the chosen course; Evidence, which demonstrates that you meet all of the necessary criteria and have researched the profession and course; Details on how you have grown your interest in a subject outside the class; Explanation why you have chosen their college to continue education; Tell about your experience, explaining what you have learned and how it helped to grow your interest in the chosen field; Demonstration of transferable skills; Acknowledgment of your critical thinking; Brief enumeration of your goals. Apart from knowing what to include to your personal statement, don’t forget about the things you shouldn’t do: Never copy-paste parts of your older personal statements; Don’t include irrelevant data or too personal details; Avoid clichà ©s; Meaningless lists; Complicated expressions; Negative excuses and comments; Claims without any proofs. Examples of a personal statement Success of your personal statement always depends on a careful topic selection and in lots of practice. The more time you devote to writing such an essay, the simpler it will be for you to write your personal statement in future. Below you will find examples of statements for graduate and undergraduate levels. Examples of college personal statements topics Why are you willing to enter a graduate program? How it interlinks with your career aspirations? What are your admission qualifications? Picture your career in a five years time; What events or experiences grew your interest in the chosen program? The biggest professional challenges you are facing at the moment and how the chosen program can help in overcoming them? Sample #1 When we see a teenager, carrying a journal we usually think that he or she has things to hide. For me, a journal means much more and helps to put all of the emotions into words. I remember one day at school when I experienced hundreds of emotions at once. In a moment I was bored and then angry, filled with hopes and despair at the same time. That is when I decided to start a journal. For less than an hour, I wrote five poems. I read them carefully over and over again and felt proud that I was able to turn negative emotions into creativity. Starting from that day I carried my journal with me anywhere I went. It gave me a feeling of security and peace, and I knew that even if I didn’t have the inspiration to write, I could reread my stories and poems. In some way my journal helped me to overcome emotions and curb them. However, any time I took it out, my classmates were trying to see what was inside. At first, I was hiding the journal in my bag, but as I grew more confident, I started offering them to read my poems or write their own if they wanted to. I changed my thoughts about owning such a journal, when I saw how much happier people became, when I was giving them my journal. Very soon my book became a common possession and contained emotions of different people. My classmates trusted me and expressed themselves through poems, songs, drawings and stories. Many of them were so inspired that decided to start their own journals. That is when I realized that owning a journal could have a therapeutic effect. Having that book gave me a feeling that I was capable of everything, I could achieve anything I wanted to and that made me feel great! Journalism  had a great influence on my life, so I want to major Media and Communication to make my own thoughts and thoughts of people to be heard worldwide. I am ready to be the person, who transmits others’ emotions, shares them with the society and helps to transform negativism into something bright and positive. That is why I love journalism  so much! Any time I feel like there are too many emotions and thoughts in my head, I put them on paper and express myself in any way I want. I never thought that such a simple experience may change my whole life. For some people, journalism  can be a clichà ©, but for me, it is a whole new world, which helps me to remain focused, sane and open to the world. Examples of undergraduate personal statements topics Tell about the event or achievement that lead to your personal growth and understanding of your personality; Discuss the time, when you had to face a certain challenge. What impact it had on you and what lessons you have learned from it? Tell about a problem you are solving or would want to solve; Who inspires you the most? What things do you want to achieve in life? Example #2 We are living in the times when media and internet have occupied firm positions in every person’s life. It will be fair to say that the media has the most solid impact on society. Education is very important because it helps us to share personal views on various things and helps us get ready for the future carrier. I want to combine both education and media because I dream of becoming a journalist. While media is powerful and has a positive impact on millions of people, there are also many dishonest journalists, who only care about how many clicks their reports and posts will gain. That is why I want to contribute to society and use Internet platforms to give people information on important problems and issues. Even though I don’t have many years of experience working as a journalist, I still have a solid education with knowledge on how to build my future career. During my high school years I have been working as an editor of the website and school paper. I reported on the latest events and covered problems of students, stirring debates and discussions. Due to my work ethics and aspirations, I always meet deadlines and move myself forward to learn more about every topic. I want to become part of the program for many reasons. A thorough research made me realize that your program is perfect for achieving all of my aspirations in the chosen field. With its help I will greatly improve my writing skills, sharpen my knowledge and grow on both professional and a personal level. Professional assistance Once you have written a personal statement you may think that it is time to breathe out. However, if you want to be accepted, you can’t deliver your paper without editing it. Unfortunately, we are not objective when it comes to evaluating our own works. We see the paper as we imagine it, not as it really is. That is when our editors and proofreaders can be of great help! Our professional specialists have many years of experience and can improve your paper with ease. They will polish your personal statement and give valuable tips on how to achieve the best results. In case you don’t have enough time to write your personal statement or want to entrust it to professionals, you can contact us or leave a request through the order form. Writing a personal statement will improve the following aspects: Your writing skills; Chances of being accepted; Spelling; Grammar; Formatting; Your tranquility.

Choose a specific characteristic of yourself (it can be a physical Assignment

Choose a specific characteristic of yourself (it can be a physical feature, an ability or a type of behavior) that you believe to have been affected by your environment (physical, social, or both) - Assignment Example I know these seems like the habit picked up by an older generation or by a group of gentlemen but it is a trend being picked up by even the younger generation which prefer it to taking alcohol or smoking the real cigarettes which are more harmful to the health. Ever since my social circle expanded, I have had to attend a few too many social gatherings (the intimate kind with only a few friends or members and not open to the general public). In all these social gatherings, the people I consider my friends or allies smoke these kinds of cigars and I was initially the only odd one out. For a while (months) I resisted the temptation both from the friends and myself to indulge in this behavior but eventually I threw in the towel and started smoking them only because I didn’t want to be left out anymore. The social environment had been the one that enticed me to start the behavior. Had I not been involved in these social gatherings, I would not even have known how to buy a cigar let alone be an expert smoker. The most interesting bit about this behavior is that it happens only when I am in these social meetings but once done, I do not even feel the slightest urge to smoke a cigar. I do not feel left out or a loner anymore and actually a sense of belonging settles in once everyone removes their cigars and starts smoking them even if for only a few minutes (Kirst-Ashman, 2007). Observation is the best research method to find out whether for certain it is the environment that has brought about this behavior in individuals. This research can be conducted among the same circle of friends I have as it is the easier target and data will be collected easily without invading the privacy of most people. Observation can take place outside the social gatherings for example in their offices, homes or in between classes. The observation will not be hard as I interact with these people often in

Orignial topic - adopting a positive or negative viewpoint Essay - 1

Orignial topic - adopting a positive or negative viewpoint - Essay Example Environmental Damage Genetically modifies foods could pose a great threat to environment. According to Revill, â€Å"The genetically-modified crops could cross-pollinate with the other plants and create super hybrids and super-weeds. They could contaminate nearby organic farms, which could then lose their organic status (2004, p.4).† It takes millions of years for an eco system to grow and stabilize. In that context, the genetically modified plants may interfere with the stability of the eco system in which they are introduced by inadvertently introducing new and unwanted traits in the natural existing strains of plants, thereby leading to hazardous and dangerous results. Risks Posed to Food Chain Many a genetically modified foods do have the ability to produce chemicals that acts as natural pesticides. Now the thing is that the natural pesticides that the genetically modified plants contain, though intended to protect them against pests, may be consumed by other beneficial in sects and animals residing in their vicinity. Not to mention these natural chemicals inherent in the genetically modified foods could threaten the existence of species that are beneficial to humanity.

Assignments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignments - Assignment Example The first article is about the various health effects of genetically engineered foods and crops. Relevant medical research has been cited as well to strengthen the presented arguments. (Cummins) The second article deals with various loop holes in genetic technology as well as its side effects for human health and its impact on the environment. Every line of argument in this article is heavily referenced from technical publications and research. (Mothers for Natural Law) The third article exposes fundamental weaknesses in the benefits related with genetically modified crops such as greater yield, lower input need, safety of genetically modified foods etc. This article has been created by the renowned Jeffery M. Smith, author of Seeds of Deception, an eye opening book on genetically engineered crops and foods. (Smith) Results from ABI/INFORM In addition to search engines, I also searched on the ABI/INFORM platform for dangers posed by genetically modified crops and food. This search tu rned out quite a few helpful articles. An article on whether genetically modified foods are harmful or helpful is highly relevant to our work because of its upfront approach to the issue. Furthermore, the author has presented detailed statistical data to support her arguments.(Whitman) Another article relates the concerns of Dr. Arpad Pustazi, a leading plant biotechnologist who was fired from the Rowlett Institute after he divulged concerns on British digital media. This article is in an interview format and provides clear definitions and concepts related to the dangers posed by genetically modified crops and foods for mammals. (Mitchell) Another article I found is a Congressional Research Service Report on agricultural issues. This article appreciates the need for genetically modified crops but accepts that there are risks posed as well. (Jones) I am attaching the bibliography of these articles for your reference and consideration. Bibliography Cummins, Ronnie. Hazards of Genetica lly Engineered Foods and Crops: Why We Need A Global Moratorium. 29 August 1999. 16 July 2011 . Jones, Jean Yavis. RS20452: Agriculture and the 106th Congress: A Summary of Major Issues. 15 December 2000. 16 July 2011 . Mitchell, Paul. Safety of genetically modified food questioned, Interview with gene scientist, Dr Arpad Pusztai. 3 June 1999. 16 July 2011 . Mothers for Natural Law. Fundamental Weaknesses of the Concept. 2001. 16 July 2011 . Smith, Jeffery M. Everything You HAVE TO KNOW about Dangerous Genetically Modified Foods . 2011. 16 July 2011 . Whitman, Deborah B. Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? April 2000. 16 July 2011 . 12.11 The FLA was founded in 1999 after which it has expanded to promote fair labor practices around the world. A Workplace Code of Conduct was created that was based on ILO (International Labor Organization) standards. This effectively created internal standards through which workplace conditions could be monitored and maintained. The FLA ke eps a healthy check and balance by conducting unannounced and independent visits of factories

2. How did global trade patterns and relations Essay

2. How did global trade patterns and relations - Essay Example Trade patterns started changing from 1450. At this time, the trade routes were mainly internationally focused. The exchange was mainly among Europe, Africa and Asia. The trade was mainly across some overland ways in addition to sea routes across the pacific, the Indian and meticulously the Atlantic ocean. These seaways were particularly very important mostly for the slave trade (Riad et al. 6). However, as time passed by the Americans also started to involve themselves in trade. This was by 1750. Soon the Pacific Ocean also became a sea full of trading activities. The world’s geographical position changed fundamentally; however, the trade routes remained the same. Many visitors came to Africa in 19th century, and they settled along the coastline. The visitors came from Portugal, china, and Europe. They brought goods such as porcelain, corn, glassware and clothes. When the visitors came and realized that the blacks country had raw materials, they began shipping cotton, silver, gold, oil back to their countries. They also manufactured goods with the materials and sold the finished products to the Africans Additionally, the relations between different countries also changed. The Europeans particularly came in the eighteenth century and started colonizing African states. The Africans started viewing the white man as a conquer, superior to them. Language barriers were also broken. This is because the explorers such as Dr. Livingstone learned the local languages and started communicating with the locals. The local’s also learned French, English as well as Portuguese. This improved on the relations of the Africa and the white men. The Blackman also became very dependent on the white man (Held and Mc Grew 16). The major triggers of these changes in trade routes, as well as the improvement of relations, were missionary work. Missionaries traveled to many places in a bid of spreading the gospel. They were able to discover new places, as well as trading

Research paper on the 4th Amendment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On the 4th Amendment - Research Paper Example Around 1760s, there was a rise in the amount of litigation against law enforcing officers, who, making use of general warrants did raids, searching for materials linked to publications of John Wike, in the process attacking both the King himself as well as the government policies. One of the most popular of such cases concerned John Entick, who had his dwelling intruded by Nathan Carrington, a messenger of the king, alongside many others, following a warrant given out by George Montagu-Dunk, instructing them to strictly and diligently look for the author responsible for publishing many weekly seditious papers as well as seize printed pamphlets, charts as well as other materials. However it was determined by Charles Pratt that both the search as well as the seizure was illegal; since the warrant instructed seizing of all Entick’s papers, both the criminal and the non-criminal ones, in addition to the warrant lacking probable cause to validate the search. Entick, therefore by ho lding that the law holds that every individual’s property is extremely sacred, and no person can infringe upon his neighbor’s secured place without his permission, set up the English guide that the government is restricted in interfering with one’s private property(Clancy, 2008). However, back in colonial America, homes did not have similar sanctity like their counterparts in Britain, since legislation had been clearly drafted to permit enforcement of the colonial master’s revenue-gathering policy in regard to customs, till 1750s.The only kind of warrant identified in justice handbooks was the general warrant. This gave the then authorities extreme power in searching for anything, with very limited oversight at any given time. The state of Massachusetts in 1756 passed a legislation that banned general warrants, representing the very first legislation in American history to curtail the enforcement of seizure power.

Stem Cell Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stem Cell Research - Essay Example Those who are in favor of it, hail it as the precursor to creating cures for many diseases that are considered incurable now. Whereas those who oppose it cite that it is inhumane, it fosters an atmosphere where abortions are encouraged and that it is against God and religion. The controversy has been raging since the advent of this type of stem cell research. Stem cells are basically cells that are capable of producing new cells, either identilca to themselves, or to a certain type of cells. Embryonic stem cells, in this regard, are very versatile, as they are cells derived from embryos, and, hence, they have the potential to grow into major organs (as is their purpose) and other parts of the human body; their potential in this regard is immense. Embryonic stem cells were derived for the first time in 1981 from mouse embryos. However, the true breakthrough in this regard occurred in 1998 when a team of scientists at the University of Wisconsin developed a technique to isolate human e mbryonic stem cells and grow them in cell cultures. This development caused researchers to hope for many discoveries of cures, as stem cells, especially embryonic stem cells showed a lot of potential in this regard. It is pertinent to mention once again that the controversy regarding stem cell research is aimed at embryonic stem cell research, there has been no objection to adult stem cell research. ... They say that those involved in the research are essentially, not only creating life, but destroying it at their own whim. This seems to be the biggest hurdle for the researchers to overcome: the religious opposition. Another reason that seems to be given is that in a way embryonic stem cell research may also encourage women to have abortions, as the aborted fetus will be considered a viable source of stem cell research. However, it is pertinent to note that this is not an allowed practice. However, the detractors have commented that not only are adult stem cells a better option, with those found in umbilical cord having given very good results, but they will be able to give better results if the funding is channeled away from embryonic stem cell research into adult stem cell research. Those who are in favor of stem cell research point out that embryonic stem cells have more potential for helping in many diseases. Moreover, since they are not developed inside the womb, they should no t be considered â€Å"life† in the religious sense at least, especially because there is no chance for embryos to survive outside the womb. Moreover, embryonic stem cells have not even begun to take human form, therefore, they should not be considered human life. Moreover, it is pointed out that abortions are legal in a lot of countries, at least in those countries the embryos should be allowed to be worked upon, as otherwise they would be thrown away as bio-hazardous waste anyway. Also, certain fertilization treatments end up creating a large number of embryos that are otherwise left to waste, or face the same fate as the aborted fetuses, therefore, it makes sense to make use of them. The argument that supports their cause the most is, those

Research paper on the 4th Amendment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On the 4th Amendment - Research Paper Example Around 1760s, there was a rise in the amount of litigation against law enforcing officers, who, making use of general warrants did raids, searching for materials linked to publications of John Wike, in the process attacking both the King himself as well as the government policies. One of the most popular of such cases concerned John Entick, who had his dwelling intruded by Nathan Carrington, a messenger of the king, alongside many others, following a warrant given out by George Montagu-Dunk, instructing them to strictly and diligently look for the author responsible for publishing many weekly seditious papers as well as seize printed pamphlets, charts as well as other materials. However it was determined by Charles Pratt that both the search as well as the seizure was illegal; since the warrant instructed seizing of all Entick’s papers, both the criminal and the non-criminal ones, in addition to the warrant lacking probable cause to validate the search. Entick, therefore by ho lding that the law holds that every individual’s property is extremely sacred, and no person can infringe upon his neighbor’s secured place without his permission, set up the English guide that the government is restricted in interfering with one’s private property(Clancy, 2008). However, back in colonial America, homes did not have similar sanctity like their counterparts in Britain, since legislation had been clearly drafted to permit enforcement of the colonial master’s revenue-gathering policy in regard to customs, till 1750s.The only kind of warrant identified in justice handbooks was the general warrant. This gave the then authorities extreme power in searching for anything, with very limited oversight at any given time. The state of Massachusetts in 1756 passed a legislation that banned general warrants, representing the very first legislation in American history to curtail the enforcement of seizure power.

Marketing Plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Plan - Coursework Example The country is however besieged by rising unemployment. UK witnessed five days of social unrest and riots in August of 2011which resulted in loss of reputation and goodwill for the country (Internet Business News 2011). The rate of change of technology impacts the UK automobile sector considerably. All players in the industry have to keep abreast of the latest technologies and incorporate them in the subsequent models of automobiles. The growth of internet has provided the automobile industry a new sales and communication channel. At the same time, it has provided the consumer an extremely powerful tool to compare and contrast not only the prices of automobiles, but also their specifications and features. The UK government initiated a ‘scrappage incentive scheme’, wherein a car buyer was given  £1,000 trade-in incentive for replacing a 10 year old vehicle with a new, more efficient car. This scheme helped boost sales, but of smaller vehicles and not the likes of BMW (Reed 2009). The government is also giving incentives to buyers to opt for alternative-fuel vehicles (AFVs). Under enormous pressure to go ‘green’, the automobile manufacturers have not only rolled out AFVs but have also invested heavily in enhancing productivity through modular design, flexible manufacturing technology and highly skilled shop floor workforces. The UK automobile industry is extremely competitive with automobile manufacturers from Europe, Japan, China, India and the United States operating in the country. Being a mature market, the rate of growth of UK automobile sector is very low. All major automobile brands are available in the UK market. The car industry thrives on brand loyalty which is to the advantage of existing players. Other potential entry barriers include high investments and long gestation period. The automobile industry requires raw materials and parts of varied kinds. Over the last few years, the

Why pantomime appeals to the whole family Essay Example for Free

Why pantomime appeals to the whole family Essay Modern pantomimes are predominately aimed at children and are usually based on well known childrens fairy tails such as Aladdin, Puss in boots, Little red riding hood, Cinderella and Snow white and the seven dwarfs. Although many adults do admit they enjoy accompanying their children to the pantomime and therefore pantomime can appeal to all the family for different reasons. Characters usually seen in Pantomime would include a hero, a wicked queen, the dame of which would be played by a male member of the cast dressed in drag the dames entrances would also be more extravagant and exaggerated than any other character, the audiences friend for example Buttons in Cinderella who always expects a response from the audience on appearance and finally the fool which is a character who is stupid and cant do anything right. As you can tell from the set up of characters Pantomime is most definitely a night of comedy. Pantomime is also made up of plenty of audience participation. The audience participation is required in several parts of pantomime such as pointing out mischievous or bad characters behind the principal characters by shouting out lines such as Its behind you! of course the baddy will always be gone by the time the character looks around meaning the process be repeated over and over again. The characters will always speak out to the audience several times during the performance expecting a response. In the middle of the Pantomime the characters may stop and announce birthdays within the audience making the audience sing happy birthday and also bringing members of the audience on to the stage, they may also show song lyrics making the audience sing in two halves to form a competition. Also included will be jokes or comedy of which are aimed at the adults in the audience which the children may not understand but adults will find funny. All of the above may be considered as family entertainment because of the whole of the audience having to participate, children and adults are included in the song competitions adults may be required to sing separately to the children. Songs included in the performance are usually from different eras meaning different aged people from the audience can relate to them. The nature of the set is very colourful and exaggerated to represent the fairy tail and catch the audiences attention. Most Pantomimes shown at places such as the Marlowe in Canterbury and the Hazlitt theatre in Maidstone will include famous actors in their Pantomime to attract an audience; this is also more likely to attract older viewers. Pantomime is made for all the family because although it is specifically aimed at children, parents, brothers and sisters and nans and grandads are always going to get dragged along too the secret is they actually enjoy it , I mean everyone enjoys a fairytale dont they? Weve all seen and heard of fairytales when we were younger Pantomime just adds a bit of comedy and enjoyment to them. Overall I think Pantomime is something for the whole family to look forward to every year at Christmas its entertaining and a fun performance to participate in, if youre a parent its great to see your children having fun and enjoying the performance as well as entertainment and comedy for yourself. Every Pantomime is different even if it is the same fairytale you can guarantee it wont be exactly the same as the one you saw the year before. Children can buy flashing lights etc to wave in the audience, I think Pantomime offers something for everyone of the family and is a great success within the UK for this.

Working With and Leading People

Working With and Leading People Working with and leading people Contents Introduction Task 1 Documentation to select and recruit new member of staff: Task 2 2.1 Skills and attribute needed to be a leader: 2.2 Difference between leader and manager: 2.3 Comparison among different types of leadership: 2.4 Ways to motivate stuff: Task 3 3.1 Benefits of team working for an organization: 3.2 Demonstration of working in a team as a leader and member towards specific goals, dealing with any conflict or difficult situations 3.3 Effectiveness of the team at xyz ltd. in achieving organizational goal: Conclusion References Introduction Human resource works with the employers and employee. Al instate have to appoint new employee to run the organization. Human resources work with that. Their job is to recruit new employee when it is needed. As business studies student we must know to work with and lead people. This teaches us to lead people effectively and make them work as the management wants. Every organization has to have a proper team management that can make the workers work efficiently. For this they have to provide training to develop their skill of an individual to become a good employee. In this assignment we will apply our knowledge against the given xyz ltd. to recruit new employee and achieve their mission. Task 1 Documentation to select and recruit new member of staff: Suppose xyz ltd needs to recruit 4 new employee, 10 driver and 3 administrators. Human resource department of xyz ltd have to prepare a documentation to select and recruit new member of stuff. The documentation is given bellow, Approval of the recruitment: Recruitment process of an organization is started when the authority of the organization approves the recruitment. When the organization need new employee they send a draft with a posting description and a document which describe the requirements. After approving the draft the authority of xyz will send it to the HR department. The copy of approval must include the electronic copy of the draft description and advertisement. Position description: No organization can change the post’s position after the advertisement. So before it gives the advertisement xyz ltd must describe the position of the post they are going to recruit. The authority of xyz ltd has to approve the position description. The description must include the responsibilities and duties of the position, all the works and the activities. Advertising: Advertising is one of the most important tasks to recruit new members. The advertisement of xyz ltd is required to be approved by the executive director of HR department of xyz ltd. There are many different media to give the advertisement of the job such as online media, print media, electronic media, open advertisement etc. The HR dept. of xyz ltd will choose the media. The advertisement also describe the vacancy announcement, skills required, terms and conditions, payment etc (Borrini, 2004). HR dept. has to obey the advertisement law before advertising. The advertisement of xyz for different post are given bellow, For driver: Closing date: 31/12/2014 Location: London Vacancy: 10 Types of employment: Temporary Working hour per week: 40 hours Salary: XXX Responsibilities for the post: †¢Agree to go all the places of UK †¢Positive response to changes in the organization †¢Taking part in loading and unloading. †¢Delivering goods on time to anywhere. †¢Maintaining personal skill. †¢Driving safely. †¢Self-motivation, innovation, creativity. †¢Working in as a team. Skills and experiences: †¢Basic knowledge of driving and in English. †¢UK driving license. For administrator: Closing date: 31/12/2014 Location: London Vacancy: 3 Types of employment: Permanent Working hour per week: 40 hours Salary: XXX Responsibilities for the post: †¢Meeting the target weekly, monthly and yearly. †¢Monitoring cost of delivery †¢Maintaining the SHE policies and health and safety regulations. †¢Maintaining personal relations with superior, colleagues and sub-ordinates. †¢Working in as a team Experiences and skills: †¢Degree in business discipline. MBA majored in management is preferred. †¢Working experience for at least 10 years. †¢Good communication skill. †¢Must familiar with socio economic culture of England. †¢Fluency in English. For employee: Closing date: 31/12/2014 Location: London Vacancy: 4 Types of employment: permanent Working hour per week: 40 hours Salary: XXX Responsibilities for the post: †¢Maintaining highly professional manors with sub-ordinates, colleagues and superior. †¢Dealing with different parties for xyz ltd. †¢Monitoring the work of the employee. Skills and experiences: †¢A degree in business. BBA majored in management is preferred. †¢Working license for UK †¢Minimum 5 years of working experience. †¢Fluent in English. †¢Good communication skill The impact of legal, regulatory and ethical consideration to the recruitment and selection process: Impact of sex discriminatory act: It is a mandatory to maintain the sex discriminatory act. No one can be discriminated by their group of sex. If a candidate fulfill the qualification xyz ltd is bound to recruit him or her no matter the candidate is male or female (Jones and Charlton, 2002). Impact of equality regulation: Both young and old people can participate in the recruitment process. The HR manager cannot give privilege to any particular group. If he/she does she will be breaking law of prevention of equality (age) regulation. Impact of race relation act: A person who has the work permit can apply for the job. If the advertisement is for any particular nationality, it will break a law, the provision of race relation act. Impact of law in advertising stage: The HR manager has to make sure that the job advertisement doesn’t break any law and it is going obeying law. The advertisement can not contain any kind of sign of discrimination based on sex, race, age, nationality etc. Impact of right to the employee: The board of interview has to make sure that the applicant has the legal permit to work in UK. And they also should check the background of the applicant of any criminal activities. Impact of law in interview stage: The interview process must be abided by the law. No board member is allowed to ask any questions that can affect any of the applicant’s religious or national view. And disable persons have to be treated in a proper way. Impact of the statement of employment: The employee must be provided by the statement of employment including all the terms and conditions, salary, holidays, and working hours (Baxter Magolda and King, 2004). Taking part in the selection process: After advertising, comes the selection process. HR manager plays a key role in the process. It is a series of some sequential task. How HR dept. takes part in the selection process is given bellow, Selecting a recruitment and selection board: The HR dept. selects a selection and recruitment board to select the new employee. The members are selected by the director of HR dept. of xyz ltd. xyz ltd. is going to recruit tree types of staff. For this the HR dept. has to select three selection and recruitment board. In every board the respective director of the department in which the new employees are being recruited. This board takes the interview of the applicants. Short listing: The selection board makes a short list of candidates by different listing method after receiving the applications. Some popular method of listing is MCQ exam, written exam, IQ test etc. Then the board gives the shortlist to the HR dept. Then HR dept. arranges an interview to select the final ones from the shortlist. Interview: The selection board of xyz ltd. then calls the applicant from the shortlist to face the interview board. They want to see who can satisfy the board. In the interview the board inquires about various things like the background of the applicants, their knowledge, their experience and their cultural background etc. Appointment: The board then recommend for the applicant who satisfied the board. Then the HR dept. appoints the selected candidate those who are recommended by the board. Evaluation of my own contribution to the selection process: According to the instructions given I took part in preparing the documents necessary to select the employee and gave the advertisement. I was also a member of the selection and recruitment board of xyz ltd. I helped them to make the short list and I was present at the interview room. And finally I prepared the necessary documents to appoint the new recruit (Hepple, Coussey and Choudhury, 2000). Task 2 2.1 Skills and attributes needed to be a leader: The quality to lead a team depends on some key skills. Some of them are given bellow, Honesty: We know honesty is the best policy. When a leader is responsible for a team one has to be very honest. Because if the leader is honest and makes ethical value important the team will also follow the leader and the team will be an honest team. Communication: The leader knows what he is going to do and have a great idea about something, but he cannot make the team members understand that. Then it is a very big problem. The leader must know how to communicate with the team members. Communication skill is one of the most important skills leaders have to have. If any leader does not have the right skill to communicate properly with the members of the group he might want to consider focusing on honing communication skills. Good communication skill for leader is like a blessing for the team (Burke and Cooper, 2006). Commitment: There is no greater motivation than seeing the leader working hard alongside with the general members. If the leader expect his team to perform fine, work heard and produce finest content the leader is going to need to set an example. Hard working leader generates the want to work hard and bring some good result among the general members. The leader is to show commitment to hard working but also to the promises he made. It is important to be a fair leader as well as a hard worker (Burke and Cooper, 2006). Creativity: The leader has to be very creative. Otherwise he cannot expect the team members to be creative. The average time the leader has to make clear-cut decision. But some times that the leader have to make a flying decision. This is the time when creativity is vital. In this type critical situation when the team will look on the face of the leader for guidance. That’s why the leader have to think outside the box. Sometimes it is not wise to decide the first thought comes to mind. Those decision needs to give some thoughts. Even it is right to ask the team for guidance. The leader has to utilize every possible resource. Ability to inspire: Sometimes the team needs to be forced, especially at the beginning. Then inspiring them becomes vital. The leader has to make the team want to work hard and effectively. Confidence: Confidence is the key to success. The team leader has to be confidence to be a successful team. There may be time when the task may be worrisome and the plans were not going to work, the leader has to be confident. Otherwise the team will not be able to overcome the situation. Some other skills are ability to delegate, sense of humor, positive attitude etc (Saracho and Spodek, 2005). 2.2 Difference between leader and manager: Manager and leader may look similar but they are not the same. We know from the definition of manager that manager have subordinates. On the other hand leaders have no subordinates he have followers. The difference between leader and manager is given bellow, Attribute of a manager: †¢Manager is the administrator. †¢Manager has to be pragmatic in accepting events and trends. †¢The focus of a manager is to control, the structure and the systems of the organization. †¢Manager has a linear perspective †¢Manager manages his subordinates †¢He perceive threats †¢He minimizes weakness Attribute of a leader: †¢The leader has to study, develop new idea and principles. †¢He has to be innovative †¢A leader have to be resourceful he should look of the solution of the problem. †¢Leader emphasizes on the focus of his team members †¢Inspires the team †¢Leader has to understand the big picture †¢He generally looks for opportunity to develop skills and efficiency (Saracho and Spodek, 2005). 2.3 Comparison among different types of leadership: Different types of leadership exist in the business world. There are some advantages and dis advantages of each and every type of leadership. The environment and the situation of a particular firm determine which kind of leadership they are to adopt. Three kind of leadership is given bellow, Autocratic: The autocratic style allows the leader to make decisions by himself without communicating with other. Every manager poses impose their will and authority over their employee. No one can challenge his decision. Laissez-Fair: In this style of leadership the manager laces direct supervision and regular feedback. Highly experienced and skilled employee needs a very little supersession and guidance. But not every kind of employee is feet for this kind leadership (Haddad, 2002). Participative: In this system a leader listen every input from the employee and member of the team. And then it is up to the leader to make the decision. Most often the leader supports the majority. It is often called as the democratic leadership. This style boosts the employees morally because it shows that their opinion is considered. Comparison: Among all the style the democratic style suits for every kind of organization. Because autocracy is not praised every one. Besides it gives an impression that the leader is a special person and no one can challenge his opinion. Then lassies-Fair is not applicable of every organization. It is appropriate for only the organization where every employee is highly skilled and capable. So it is safe to say that democratic system is the best. And for xyz ltd. democratic system is appropriate (Mackey and Jacobson, 2010).. 2.4 Ways to motivate stuff: There are motivational theories to motivate employee to achieve objective. Some of them are given bellow, Communicating with the employee: It is a basic point but very important one. The stuffs must know that they are listened, understood and valued. Perhaps they need to know they are the most important. If any of the stuff any concern about the organization he need to know that the channel of communication is available and he is listened. That will make them feel more comfortable and will motivate them to do more for the organization. Good salary and rewards: Everybody have their needs. To fulfill the needs they have to earn. The employee work to earn their lively hood. A good amount of salary is their right. And that will motivate them to act highly and effectively. Moreover rewards for their good performance in needed. If the performance of employees is good they should be rewarded. This may be in form of additional pay, bonus, simple gratitude etc (Carnwell, Buchanan and Carnwell, 2009). Involving employees in decisions making: Many different decisions are made every day in a company from the ground level to the enterprise level. Major decisions will be made in the boardroom but that does not mean that the employee is not allowed to choose their method of working. They must be allowed to make small decision like the approach to accomplish the work etc. Offer training and development: Employees need to train to develop their skills and ability. They want to know that every day they are developing their ability to perform more accurately and learning new skills. Every individual have their own goal and ambition. And to maintain their skills they need to provide necessary training. Define the employees’ role: Every employee should have their opportunity to move up their ranks. If they don’t then they might think that their contribution to the company and organization is not noticed and that in not good for organization. If they employee are promoted as their performance they will know that their work in not going un-noticed. Then they will want to perform more (Carnwell, Buchanan and Carnwell, 2009). Task 3 3.1 Benefits of team working for an organization: The primary benefit of team work is that it allows the organization like xyz ltd. to achieve that is quit impossible to achieve for an individual working alone. The advantages of teamwork is given bellow, High quality outcomes: †¢High efficiency: As the combination of individual makes a team, a team can do more than an individual can do alone. †¢Faster speed: As team combines the effort, they can accomplish the task consuming less time. †¢Innovative idea: each individual working in the team may bring many different information and knowledge which makes the task lot easier. †¢Effectiveness: Combination of effort brings more effectiveness. Better context for individual: †¢Mutual support: Because of working together team members become supportive to other member. That helps the team to overcome bad situation. †¢Greater sense of accomplishment: Because the members collaborate and take responsibilities they can feel the greater sense of accomplishment. From above we can see the benefit of team working. If the management of xyz ltd. can provide good motivation and make efficient team then they can overcome some of the great problems they were facing lately (Glasby and Peck, 2004). 3.2 Demonstration of working in a team as a leader and member towards specific goals, dealing with any conflict or difficult situations Xyz ltd faced many difficult situations in their regular organizational tasks. Usually they solve their problems as a team working together just like they should be. In their teamwork they are very team oriented. As a member and as a team leader they are very efficient and effective (White and Harris, 2001). 3.3 Effectiveness of the team at xyz ltd. in achieving organizational goal: The team of xyz ltd. is very much effective and efficient in competitive world. To work in a team in any other environment the team needs some diversified knowledge. The team of xyz ltd has that knowledge. And they help one another to overcome problems. To be in a team the members have to be respectful about other members’ opinion and have the respect for other. This team has them all. Thus the team overcomes many difficult situations. The team of xyz ltd is very effective (White and Harris, 2001). Conclusion Leadership is one of the most important factors to perform in a difficult and new situation. A good leader can bring massive change in the organization by leading people up front. The leader has to face many new situation and new challenges every day. A good leader can solve all the problems and face every challenge if the employees follow the leader and behave in a proper way. References Borrini, G. (2004).Sharing power. [London]: Natural Resources Group and Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Programme of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Jones, K. and Charlton, T. (2002).Overcoming learning and behaviour difficulties. London: Routledge. Baxter Magolda, M. and King, P. (2004).Learning partnerships. Sterling, Va.: Stylus Pub. Hepple, B., Coussey, M. and Choudhury, T. (2000).Equality. Oxford: Hart Pub. Burke, R. and Cooper, C. (2006).The human resources revolution. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Saracho, O. and Spodek, B. (2005).Contemporary perspectives on families, communities, and schools for young children. Greenwich, Conn.: Information Age Pub. Haddad, C. (2002).Managing technological change. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Mackey, T. and Jacobson, T. (2010).Collaborative information literacy assessments. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc. Carnwell, R., Buchanan, J. and Carnwell, R. (2009).Effective practice in health, social care and criminal justice. Maidenhead: McGraw Hill/Open University Press. Glasby, J. and Peck, E. (2004).Care trusts. Abingdon, U.K.: Radcliffe Medical Press. White, V. and Harris, J. (2001).Developing good practice in community care. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 1 | Page