Dual Roles :: essays research papers fc

Dual Roles In many stories, it is often noticed that the generators use an allegorical pick up to register abstract qualities as actual people. In these stories the allegorical attribute holds a name that will tell you what his character is supposed to be representing. The allegorical figure is a cunning and unique way of taking a characteristic or an object and making it come alive to the readers. This can put an utility upon your story when trying to get across a certain point, but most often a morality issue. Everyman is a play in which the writer went to great lengths to use allegorical figures to get across a lesson that concerns itself with the salvation of all mens souls (Vignery p 111).Good deeds is an allegorical figure in Everyman. Good Deeds is represented not only as a person, but also as an abstract. This dual role is clearly express from the first time that Good Deeds speaks, until the time that Everyman and himself descend into the grave together. Good Deeds i s portrayed excellently as a person. He is a person in the sense that he speaks out to Everyman and tells him how to redeem himself to be saved. He is a also a person in the sense that Everyman is request Deeds for counsel like normal people ask for counsel in times of grief and great need. The human in Good Deeds comes out when he tells Everyman to call upon other allegorical figures to go with him on his long journey to the grave. The humanness appears again when Good Deeds is a legitimate friend to Everyman. Good deeds shows the friendship quality when he refuses to leave Everyman, and promises to stick with him until the Day of Judgment. Good Deeds is just like a keen friend who refuses to go home when a friend gets into trouble, and offers to help talk to the parents. He is also that true friend in the aspect that he offered and really does speak to God for Everyman, just as a true friend would do (Everyman lines 309-455). Good Deeds plays a second, or dual, role as an abstr action in the play also. An abstraction is a concept or an idea in this case, the abstraction is more of an object. Good Deeds are special tasks that a person completes throughout their lifetime and will count as a point in their favor on the Day of Judgment.

Stereotypes and Stereotyping - I Was a Teenage Hippie Essay -- Example

Stereotyping - I Was a Teenage Hippie   Imagine a 17-year-old kid. He is five feet eleven inches tall, weighs 180 lbs., with very long pig and a beard. His hair parts in the middle and stops at his waist, meaning his hair is about three and a half feet long. He dresses not for the fashion of the day, but with old standards blue jeans and a flannel shirt in the winter or blue jeans and a short sleeve shirt in the summer. Generally, his shirts in summer are T-shirts, typically with some provocative text or an advertisement for a rock group. That kid was me in 1974.   I was the stereotypical hipster, and my social circle during that year and the four years preceding it (two of those years in middle school and two years in high school) included other hippies. The hippie subculture has often been subject to a stereotyped image over the years. The image identified with the hippie is one of an individual that is generally unclean and unkempt, usually lives in squalor , has a drug habit, and is not very smart. Of course, male members of the hippie subculture all had long hair. Though the conservatives stereotyped me and my friends by what they saw, they did not know a single thing about us.   The group I was involved with socially was made up of eight other guys besides myself and two girls, but the eleven of us were known by our peers as The Dirty Dozen. We were looked upon by the conservatives in our town as being just a bunch of damn hippies. Obviously, The Dirty Dozen was stereotyped because of our appearance. Indeed, it would have been easy for any of us to transpose our image to something more socially acceptable. For example, cutting my air, shaving off my beard, and changing my... ...day. I find myself not being so quick to judge by looks alone. I find myself consciously thinking that I should not stereotype what I see before me. I do not know the psyche I only know the image. I certainly do not want to consider myself so narrow minded that I engage in the very behavior displayed by the conservatives in the 1960s and 1970s.   Because of the tendency of spate to stereotype others, I hold the belief that I would be subject to stereotyping today. age I maintain views that might be politically incorrect and continue to hold dear a bit of the non-conforming attitude embraced by the hippie subculture, would people guess that to look at me today? Considering my conservative image today, would people guess that on the inside I might still be a hippie? Or would they look at me and see me as a boring old fart conservative yuppie?

Essay --

Gerard Manley Hopkins, born in 1844 and who is an optimist, is also one of the greatest poets of the dainty Era (Academy of American Poets). Theres also William Wordsworth born in 1770 is another optimist and another great poet, but of the Romantic Era (Harriet Monroe). Both of these poets from two separate conviction periods have the same idea of society and the human population in general. Materialism is a trait that can torment both the rich and the vile and is described as both culturally destructive and very much self destructive (George Monbiot). In both poem of Gods Grandeur by Gerard Manley Hopkins and The dry land is too Much with Us by William Wordsworth, both of these poems have similar ideas of expressing their opinions of the advancement of technology and the growth of complexed architecture.In Hopkins piece of work, he puts together a lyrical poem thats filled with alliteration in order to make his phrases more memorable and melodious (Skylar H. Burris). An example may be It will cauterize out, like shining from shook foil (Hopkins line 2). The diction of the words flame, shining, and shook foil creates the imagery of warmth and liveliness. On the other hand, grandeur is a word used to describe magnificent and impressive (Brian Wasko), but in Hopkins poem, he describes the grandeur as wearing out or is becoming thin. Hopkins pass along to his readers is that by people rejecting the power of God, people are also attracting negative situations into their lives. ... ...stent when it comes to the topic of God. In other words, Hopkins tends to shove religion down peoples throats while Wordsworth still mentions God once in line 9, while the rest is about the depart ure of human and nature.In conclusion, Hopkins and Wordsworth both consider that people are outset to get too caught up in material matters to admire nature because without nature, people wouldnt have any of the objects they would have. As a matter of fact, their would be no life, but only darkness just as Hopkins described. Hopkins and Wordsworth would both agree on the matter that humanity was and is loosing touch with nature. If they were both upset with how their society was dressing in their time, then they would have been terror-stricken.

Elevator History :: essays research papers

An elevator is a mechanism for moving mass and freightage from level to level in a build or any other structure. The first elevator-like structure was built in 236 BC by theArchimeds. This construction was a hoist operated by ropes and pulleys. However, thefirst matter-of-fact elevator was not developed until the 19th century. Though sensible, thiselevator has been modified many clock throughout the course of history and is lifelessnessupdated with all of the reinvigorated advancements in math and technology. From the start of theproduction of elevators through today, there have been numerous and boundlessimprovements made on their structure and how they operate all repayable to the advancementof mathematics and technology. The first elevator developed was known as a manual(a) elevator. This system ofelevators employ relay system of logic. Relay logic was a simple wiring based on circuits. This display caseof elevator did not ship quite a little from one level to anoth er, only cargo. *****The second type of elevators was developed in the 1800s. These elevators werepowered by move. At first, these elevators were used solely to transport freight infactories and ore in mines. Unfortunately, these elevators required a arctic wind torestrain the elevator from dropping if its supporting cable system broke, and this had not beeninvented yet. Eventually, this necessity was discerned and acted upon. In 1852, ElishaGraves Otis designed the first safety public lavatory for elevators. This device was a systeminvolving spring-operated cams that affianced the guide rails in the elevator shaft when thecable broke. This secured the elevator from subsiding which enabled steam poweredelevators to be used for transporting people along with cargo. This new use was causedby the precautions taken in improving the safety of steam powered elevators. It was firstused for people in 1857 in New Yorks own Haughwout department store. This edificewas driven by steam powe r unlike the manual elevator it had the capability of transportingpeople from floor to floor. Though this was a major amplification in the manufacturing ofelevators, technology and mathematics were still improving allowing for even more typesof ameliorated elevators to take the place of those already produced. As mathematics advanced, the third type of elevators was formulated. This beingthe hydraulic elevator was the first matter-of-fact elevator with semblance to those of todaystime. The concept of fluid mechanics is somewhat based on Pascals Law. This stated thatpressure exerted upon a tranquil is transmitted in all directions at the same magnitude. Thiswas theorized old in the mid-17th century yet its capability of advancing andElevator History essays research papers An elevator is a mechanism for moving people and freight from level to level in abuilding or any other structure. The first elevator-like structure was built in 236 BC by theArchimeds. This construction was a hoist operated by ropes and pulleys. However, thefirst pragmatic elevator was not developed until the 19th century. Though sensible, thiselevator has been modified many times throughout the course of history and is stillupdated with all of the new advancements in math and technology. From the start of theproduction of elevators through today, there have been numerous and boundlessimprovements made on their structure and how they operate all due to the advancementof mathematics and technology. The first elevator developed was known as a manual elevator. This system ofelevators used relay logic. Relay logic was a simple wiring based on circuits. This typeof elevator did not transfer people from one level to another, only cargo. *****The second type of elevators was developed in the 1800s. These elevators werepowered by steam. At first, these elevators were used solely to transport freight infactories and ore in mines. Unfortunately, these elevators required a safety device torestrain the elevator from dropping if its supporting cable broke, and this had not beeninvented yet. Eventually, this necessity was discerned and acted upon. In 1852, ElishaGraves Otis designed the first safety contrivance for elevators. This device was a systeminvolving spring-operated cams that affianced the guide rails in the elevator shaft when thecable broke. This secured the elevator from subsiding which enabled steam poweredelevators to be used for transporting people along with cargo. This new use was causedby the precautions taken in improving the safety of steam powered elevators. It was firstused for people in 1857 in New Yorks own Haughwout department store. This edificewas driven by steam power unlike the manual elevator it had the capability of transportingpeople from floor to floor. Though this was a major amplification in the manufacturing ofelevators, technology and mathematics were still improving allowing for even more typesof ameliorated elevators to take the place of th ose already produced. As mathematics advanced, the third type of elevators was formulated. This beingthe hydraulic elevator was the first practical elevator with semblance to those of todaystime. The concept of hydraulics is somewhat based on Pascals Law. This stated thatpressure exerted upon a liquid is transmitted in all directions at the same magnitude. Thiswas theorized sometime in the mid-17th century yet its capability of advancing and

Uranus Essay -- essays research papers

The bland aquamarine face of Uranus bears witness to the fact that Uranus is enshrouded in clouds. The planet appears to be blue-green because the atmosphere absorbs the, red wavelengths of the visible spectrum, . The concurrence of the planets appearance confirms that the planets atmosphere is composed almost solely of one element, methane gas. There is a preponderance of haze, composed of ethane and other hydrocarbon nut cases high in the stratosphere, and clouds of methane ice low in the troposphere. The cloud particles constantly recycle themselves, first creating then destroying the heaviest crystals. This is an indication that Uranus atmosphere is still evolving from its formation out of the solar nebula. Because Uranus lies on its side, Uranus has actually strange seasons. Motions in the cloud patterns indicate that, like Jupiter and Saturn, the basic meteorology of Uranus can be described as a striped pattern of winds. This promoter that, even though the pattern is diffi cult to distinquish, Uranus is striped, just like Jupiter and Saturn. Uranus has 21 fascinating moons and a complicated ring system. The ring system is a all different form of ring system than that found at Saturn or Jupiter. At Uranus there is even a very obvious partial ring, or "ring arc". Many moons are icy moons with fascinating surface features. These icy moons have neither an atmosphere nor a magnetosphere, and there is not such(prenominal) possibility for life. The surfaces of these moons indic...

Uranus Essay -- essays research papers

The bland aquamarine face of Uranus bears witness to the fact that Uranus is enshrouded in clouds. The planet appears to be blue-green because the atmosphere absorbs the, blood-red wavelengths of the visible spectrum, . The uniformity of the planets appearance confirms that the planets atmosphere is composed almost solely of one element, methane gas. There is a preponderance of haze, composed of ethane and other hydrocarbon ices exalted in the stratosphere, and clouds of methane ice low in the troposphere. The cloud particles constantly recycle themselves, first creating then destroying the heaviest crystals. This is an indication that Uranus atmosphere is still evolving from its formation out of the solar nebula. Because Uranus lies on its side, Uranus has very strange seasons. Motions in the cloud patterns indicate that, like Jupiter and Saturn, the basic meteorology of Uranus can be described as a stripe pattern of winds. This means that, even though the pattern is difficult t o distinquish, Uranus is striped, just like Jupiter and Saturn. Uranus has 21 fascinating moons and a complicated ring scheme. The ring system is a completely different form of ring system than that found at Saturn or Jupiter. At Uranus in that respect is even a very lucid partial ring, or "ring arc". Many moons are icy moons with fascinating surface features. These icy moons have neither an atmosphere nor a magnetosphere, and there is not much possibility for life. The surfaces of these moons indic...

Depictions of violence towards women in ‘Halloween’

However the initial praise heaped upon Halloween for Its portrayal of a antecedently unheard of strong fe masculine character may affirm been premature due to the almost Insurmountable criticisms heaped upon It by the second wave feminists at the epoch. patronage attempting otherwise, the germinate, and the horror genre as a whole, have been misguided In bringing what the earshot Is to perceive as strong female character to the screen. Although long time have passed since its low release in 1978 Halloween can still be viewed by many as misogynistic and over equalized.Presenting a negative outlook on women, judging them based on gender as rise as showing them but as sex objects and devaluing their worth. We are introduced touch Carpenters film Halloween by a subjective point of view killing of a young woman, a young woman, who without the directors in take to the woodsed perception of events, has do nonhing to deserve much(prenominal) treatment. Throughout the opening scene s of this film we can sense the disapproval and contempt for the sexual actions that both(prenominal) Lane and her boyfriend are partaking in, and while they are both equal participating parties.We watch as Michael allows the male to leave down the stairs and out of the ho map unscathed forrader inveterate upstairs to slaying his male of course to is be applauded for exercising his sexuality but the female who should pride herself up her purity deserves to be punished for it. This gender inequality is only further enforced when we follow Michael upstairs to his childs bedroom with a knife, we see him turn his head towards to bed as if to verify that she has in fact defiled herself before turning back and stabbing her multiple times.This behavior of Judging women much more harshly is prevalent passim history, where the actions of a man would be interpreted much more lightly then if the same action had been undertaken by their female counter part, even in young children we are ta ught to view bumptious women as bossy and assertive men as confident. Watching the rest of the movie we are shown several scenes where the mans behavior is over looked in favor of inflicting violence being upon women. Pulling up to the mental institution Dry. Loomis is allowed to exit the car unharmed by Michael, even thoughMichael would have had 15 years worth of reasons to use the opportunity to attack him, while the young nurse is subject to his terrifying harassment before she manages to escape the car herself. Another such scene occurs afterwards Michael has taken his first victim. In this scene he does kill Bob but does so quickly and only his association with Lynda, we are made well aware of the fact that upstairs Lynda is his primary target and this is proven by the lengths he goes to to torment her before slowly killing her.What we are left to call for from these scenes of violence being inflicted upon women is that the inequality between genders is prevalent affluent to influence a 7 year old boys decision to finish up his older sister and develop his view of women in the future. It seems to be a common theme in slashes films to depict women in compromising or sexual positions near or during their time of death, this over equalization of women and their bodies portray them as objects to be view, coveted, desired, or in the case of Halloween, murdered.With Michael Myers being 7 at the time of his first murder it would be hard to attach any sort of sexual impulse to his desire to murder is sister, but we are clearly shown a connection throughout the film between the nudeness of women and his desire to murder them. His sister, being the first was completely naked in front of a mirror at the time of her death, Annie and Lynda, while not naked during their deaths, had both been depicted in various states of undress in the sequences leading up to them.While of course up until the climax of the film it would seem that both Annie and Lynda had avoided being completely nude on screen however we are then shown that both of the girls had been stripped down stormed and left for Laurie to find. In Linda Williams essay When the Woman Looks, she writes that there is not that much difference between an object of desire and an object of horror as far as the male look is concerned (Williams).It seems that in slashes films it is not enough to simply show women being murdered on screen, they must sexuality the act by having the women be naked at the time or be stripped down after the fact and displayed for the audience under the guise of Michael Myers perverse plea surelys. Of course the act of equalizing the deaths of these women is not solely because halls symbol of the knife, as wielded by Michael, could be used as a meat to expend his own sexual frustration upon these women, by means of the thrusting of the knife and the subsequent penetrating of their flesh.Although this point is disputed specifically in Carol Clovers Men, Women, and Chainsaws where in John Carpenter is quoted saying, They the critics completely missed the sauceboat there, I think. Because if you turn it around, the one girl who is the most sexually uptight Just keeps stabbing the guy with a long knife, shes the most sexually frustrated. Shes the nee who killed him. Not because shes a virgin, but because all that repressed energy starts coming out. She uses all those phallic symbols on the guy (Clover).A fair point to be sure but calling Laurie out on her own repressed sexual urges in no way diminishes the perversity of the acts of violence undertaken by Michael in the first four murders in this film, but actually Just verifies the fact that Michael does indeed express his own sexual frustration through these over murders. Further more, by looking at this film we see violence being inflicted upon women ND only women, we must draw the conclusion that simply being feminine is enough to warrant your death in a slashes film. Feminine in these movies often being synonymous with weak. It is a tried and true formula of horror film to chip in women in a negative light, as the victim, simply a plot device used when seeking to reach as large a proboscis count as possible. However it has been argued in recent literature that Halloween presents the audience with a female victim that forces the audiences identification to shift to that of the female victim and depart relating to Laurie as a throng feminine character.Once again referencing the works of Carol Clover, she writes that Halloween, in line with the second wave feminist movement, marks the beginning of a more positive portrayal of women in horror films. Given the drift between Texas chain Saw and Halloween from passive to active defensive it is no surprise that films following Halloween present Final Girls who not only fight back but do so with ferocity. (Clover).We are being told that the final girl presents the audience with an empowered female figure, but we must now take a look at the scenes which present Laurie as the final girl who ferociously fights back, or perhaps more importantly the scenes leading up to them, for it isnt until Laurie exchanges her feminine attributes for masculine ones, by arming herself and actively seeking to fight back, that she manages to gain the upper pile and become a serious threat herself.Through the film we are shown woman after woman being senselessly slaughtered simply for the crime of being women and it isnt until the audience no longer views the final girl as feminine do they find themselves able to relate her and goes she earn the right to survive the horrors being inflicted upon her. The slashes film resolves it all through eliminating the woman (earlier victims) or reconstituting her as masculine(fall girl). (Clover) We are not given a final girl we are told from the beginning that the weak female deserves what is being done to her and the only one worthy of avoiding causality is the female who is th e embodiment of masculine traits. Halloween fails to depict women any better then its predecessors in the western point in women in horror cinema, perhaps it planted the seeds of thought in the erectors which followed John Carpenter that women could be more then what they have been for the past decades.Fortunately we mostly tend to see the poor portrayal of women in most of the western horror film and do have many European films to look to which often have women shown as the killer and predominant threat which is refreshing to see. We must hope to see the trend continue in future slashes film where we see women continuing to fight back against the years of mistreatment and misrepresentation. Bibliography Clover, Carol J. Men, Women, and Chain Saws Gender in the Modern Horror Film.

Frog and the Nightingale Essay

The book is widely regarded as a classic in India since its first publication in 1946, and provides a kind view of Indian hi account statement, philosophy and culture, as viewed from the eyes of a liberal Indian fighting for the independence of his country. In The Discovery of India, Nehru argued that India was a historic estate with a dear to sovereignty. (Calhoun, Craig, Nations Matter Culture, History and the Cosmopolitan Dream, Rout conductge.In this book, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru tries to study the history of India starting from the Indus V completelyey Civilization, and then covers the countrys history from the arriver of the Aryans to government under the British Empire. He says that India in the past was country which lived in harmony and peace, nevertheless the entry of society evils had a very liberal effect on people. The effect of these various people on Indian culture and their incorporation into Indian society is examined.This book also analyses in astuteness the philosophy of Indian life. This book was dedicated to the Prisoners of Ahmednagar jail. The book became the basis of the 53-episode Indian television series Bharat Ki Khoj, first broadcast in 1988. PREFACE OF THE confine BY JAWAHARLAL NEHRU- This book was written by Jawaharlal Nehru in Ahmadnagar Fort prison during the five months, April to September 1944. Some of his colleagues in prison were good enough to al togetherege the manuscript and make a number of valuable suggestions.On revising the book in prison he took advantage of these suggestions and made whatsoever additions. No one, he need hardly add, is responsible for what he has written or necessarily agrees with it. But he expresses my deep gratitude to his throwow-prisoners in Ahmadnagar Fort for the innumerable talks and discussions they had, which helped him greatly to clear his own understanding to the highest degree various aspects of Indian history and culture. Prison is non a pleasant place to live in tied(p ) for a short period, much less for colossal years.But it was a privilege for me to live in close contact with men of owing(p) ability and culture and a wide sympathetic outlook which even the passions of the moment did not obscure. His eleven companions in Ahmadnagar Fort were an interesting cross-section of India and stand for in their several ways not only politics but Indian scholarship, old and new, and various aspects of present-day India. Nearly all the principal life-time Indian languages, as well as the classical languages which watch powerfully influenced India in the past and present, were represented and the standard was often that of high scholarship.Among the classical languages were Sanskrit and Pali, Arabic and Persian the modern languages were Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Telugu, Sindhi and Oriya. Jawaharlal Nehru had all this wealth to draw upon and the only limitation was his own substance to profit by it. Though he was grateful to all his compa nions, he specially mentioned a few namesMaulana Abul Kalam Azad, whose vast erudition invariably delighted me but sometimes also rather overwhelmed me, Govind Ballabh Pant, Narendra Deva and M. Asaf Ali.The book cadaver as written in prison with no additions or changes, except for the postscript at the end. He doesnt know how other authors feel about their writings, but always he had a strange sensation when he read something that he had written some time previously. That sensation is heightened when the writing had been done in the close and abnormal atmosphere of prison and the subsequent reading has taken place outside. He could recognize it of course, but not wholly it seems intimately that he was reading some familiar piece written by other, who was near to him and yet who was different.Perhaps that is the measure of the change that had taken place in Jawaharlal Nehru So he has felt about this book also. It is his and not wholly his, as he is constituted today it represents rather some past self of his which has already joined that long succession of other selves that existed for a while and faded away, leaving only a memory behind . Life in the jail During his stay in the jail as a prisoner, he talked about the ruins that were there but were covered up by soil or wee collapsed.He talks about a courageous, beautiful lady, named Chandbibi, who fought against akbar to protect the fort(where he was staying as prisoner). But at the end she was killed by her own army man. He asks himself that what is his ancestral gift? he discovers that, India is his ancestral gift. It is in his blood. he is the ancesteor of victories and defeats of the past kings, brave works of human from the earliest past to now. He is the heir of all these. A few of his chapters which tell about Jawaharlal Nehrus life in prison and the various changes in IndiaTime in Prison The Urge to go finished Time seems to change its nature in prison. The present hardly exists, for there is an absence of feeling and sensation which might separate it from the wild past. Even intelligence information of the active, living and dying world outside has a certain dream-like un-reality, an immobility and an unchangeableness as of the past. The outer objective time ceases to be, the inner and subjective esthesis remains, but at a discredit level, except when mentation pulls it out of the present and experiences a kind of reality in the past or in the future.We live, as Auguste Comte said, dead mens lives, encased in our pasts, but this is especially so in prison where we try to check some forage for our starved and locked-up emotions in memory of the past or fancies of the future. There is a stillness and everlastingness about the past it changes not and has a touch of eternity, like a painted picture or a statue in bronze or marble. Unaffected by the storms and upheavals of the present, it maintains its dignity and repose and tempts the troubled spirit and the tortured mind to seek shelter in its vaulted catacombs.There is peace there and security, and one may even sense a spiritual quality. But it is not life, unless we can find the vital links between it and the present with all its conflicts and problems. It is a kind of art for arts sake, without the passion and the actuate to process which are the very stuff of life. Without that passion and urge, there is a gradual oozing out of hope and vitality, a settling down on lower levels of existence, a slow merging into non-existence. We run low prisoners of the past and some part of its immobility sticks to us.This passage of the mind is all the easier in prison where action is denied and we become slaves to the routine of jail-life. Yet the past is ever with us and all that we are and that we generate comes from the past. We are its products and we live im-mersed in it. Not to understand it and feel it as something living within us is not to understand the present. To combine it with the pres ent and extend it to the future, to break from it where it cannot be so united, to make of all this the pulsating and vibrat-ing material for thought and actionthat is life. Any vital action springs from the depths of the being. on the whole the long past of the individual and even of the race has prepared the background for that psychological moment of action. All the racial memories, influences of heredity and environment and training, subconscious urges, thoughts and dreams and actions from infancy and childhood onwards, in their curious and tremendous mix-up, inevitably drive to that new action, which again becomes yet another factor influencing the future. Influencing the future, partly determining it, possibly even largely determining it, and yet, surely, it is not all determinism.Whether there is any much(prenominal) thing as human freedom in the philosophic sense or whether there is only an automatic deter-minism, I do not know. A very great assume appears certainly to be determined by the past complex of events which bear down and often overwhelm the individual. Possibly even the inner urge that he experiences, that apparent exercise of free will, is itself conditioned. As Schopenhauer says, a man can do what he will, but not will as he will. A belief in an absolute deter-minism seems to me to lead inevitably to complete inaction, to death in life.All my sense of life rebels against it, though of course that very insubordination may itself have been conditioned by previous events Lifes Philosophy- The ideals and objectives of yesterday were still the ideals of to-day, but they had lost some of their lustre and, even as one seemed to go towards them, they lost the shining beauty which had warmed the heart and vitalized the body. Evil triumphed often enough, but what was far worse was the coarsening and distortion of what had seemed so right.Was human nature so essentially bad that it would take ages of training, through suffering and misfortune, be fore it could behave reasonably and raise man above that fauna of lust and violence and deceit that he now was? And, meanwhile, was every effort to change it radically in the present or the near future deuced to failure? Ends and means were they tied up inseparably, acting and reacting on each other, the wrong means distorting and some-times even destroying the end in view? But the right means might well be beyond the capacitor of infirm and selfish human nature.What then was one to do? Not to act was a complete con-fession of failure and a submission to evil to act meant often enough a compromise with some form of that evil, with all the untoward consequences that such compromises result in. Science does not tell us much, or for the matter of that any-thing about the purpose of life. It is now widening its boun-daries and it may invade the so-called hidden world before long and help us to understand this purpose of life in its widest sense, or at least give us some glimpses whi ch illumine the pro-blem of human existence.The old controversy between accomplishment and religion takes a new formthe application of the scientific method to emotional and phantasmal experiences. Some vague or more precise philosophy of life we all have, though most of us accept unthinkingly the general posture which is characteristic of our generation and environment. Most of us accept also certain metaphysical conceptions as part of the confidence in which we have grown up. How staggering is this spirit of man In spite of innumerable failings, man, throughout the ages, has sacrificed his life and all he held dear for an ideal, for truth, for faith, for country and honour.That ideal may change, but that capacity for self-sacrifice continues, and, because of that, much may be forgiven to man, and it is impossible to lose hope for him. In the midst of disaster, he has not lost his dignity or his faith in the values he cherished. Plaything of natures mighty forces, less than a s peck of dust in this vast universe, he has hurled defiance at the elemental powers, and with his mind, cradle of revolution, sought to master them. Whatever gods there be, there is something godlike in man, as there is also something of the devil in him.The future is dark, uncertain. But we can see part of the way leading to it and can tread it with firm steps, remembering that nothing that can happen is in all likelihood to overcome the spirit of man which has survived so many perils remembering also that life, for all its ills, has joy and beauty, and that we can always wander if we know how to, in the enchant woods of nature. Indias Strength and Weaknesses- The search for the sources of Indias strength and for her deterioration and decay is long and intricate.Yet the recent causes of that decay are obvious enough. She fell behind in the march of technique, and Europe, which had long been backward in many matters, took the lead in technical progress. Behind this technical progres s was the spirit of science and a bubling life and spirit which displayed itself in many activities and in ad-venturous voyages of discovery. New techniques gave military strength to the countries of western Europe, and it was easy for them to spread out and dominate the East. That is the story not only of India, but of almost the whole of Asia.Why this should have happened so is more difficult to unravel, for India was not lacking in mental alertness and technical skill in earlier times. One senses a progressive deterioration during centuries. The urge to life and endeavour becomes less, the crea-tive spirit fades away and gives place to the imitative. Where imperious and rebellious thought had tried to pierce the my-steries of nature and the universe, the wordy commentator comes with his glosses and long explanations. Magnificent art and sculpture give way to meticulous press clipping of intricate detail without nobility of conception or design.The vigour and rich-ness of langu age, powerful yet simple, are followed by highly ornate and complex literary forms. The urge to adventure and the overflowing life which led to vast schemes of distant coloni-zation and the transplantation of Indian culture in far lands all these fade away and a narrow orthodoxy taboos even the crossing of the high seas. A rational spirit of inquiry, so evident in earlier times, which might well have led to the further growth of science, is replaced by irrationalism and a blind idolatory of the past.Indian life becomes a sluggish stream, living in the past, moving slowly through the accumulations of dead centuries. The heavy burden of the past crushes it and a kind of coma seizes it. It is not surprising that in this condition of mental stupor and physical weariness India should have deteriorated and remained rigid and immobile, while other parts of the world marched ahead. Every people and every nation has some such belief or myth of bailiwick destiny and perhaps it is partly true in each case.Being an Indian I am myself influenced by this reality or myth about India, and I feel that anything that had the power to mould hundreds of generations, without a break, must have bony its enduring vitality from some deep well of strength, and have had the capacity to renew that vitality from age to age. No people, no races remain unchanged. Continually they are mixing with others and slowly changing they may appear to die almost and then rise again as a new people or just a variation of the old. There may be a definite break between the old people and the new, or vital links of thought and ideals may join them.History has numerous instances of old and well-established refinings melt away or being ended suddenly, and vigor-ous new cultures taking their place. Is it some vital energy, sonic inner source of strength that gives life to a civilization or a people, without which all effort is ineffective, like the vain attempt of an aged person to plav the part of a you th? Behind the past shite of a centurys struggle for Indias independence and all our conflicts with British authority, lay in my mind, and that of many others, the desire to revitalize India.We felt that through action and self-imposed suffering and sacri-fice, through voluntarily facing risk and danger, through refusal to submit to what we considered evil and wrong, would we re-charge the battery of Indias spirit and waken her from her long slumber. Though we came into conflict continually with the British Government in India, our eyes were always turned towards our own people. Political advantage had value only in so far as it helped in that fundamental purpose of ours.Because of this govern-ing motive, frequently we acted as no politician, moving in the narrow sphere of politics only, would have done, and foreign and Indian critics expressed surprise at the folly and intransigence of our ways. Whether we were foolish or not, the historians of the future will judge. We aimed high and looked far. Probably we were often foolish, from the rank of view of opportunist politics, but at no time did we forget that our main purpose was to raise the whole level of the Indian people, psychologically and spiritually and also, of course, politically and economically.It was the building up of that real inner strength of the people that we were after, knowing that the rest would inevitably follow. We had to wipe out some generations of shameful subservientness and timid submission to an arrogant alien authority. Epilogue of the book- Jawaharlal Nehru has covered a thousand hand-written pages with a jumble of ideas in his mind. He travelled in the past and peeped into the future and sometimes tried to balance himself on that point of intersection of the timeless with time. His life has been full of happenings in the world and the war has advance(a) rapidly towards a triumphant conclusion,so far as military victories go. In his own country also much has happened of which he could be only a distant spectator, and waves of unhappiness have sometimes temporarily swept over me and passed on. Because of this business of thinking and trying to give some expression to his thoughts, he has drawn myself away from the piercing edge of the present and moved along the wider expanses of the past and the future. The discovery of Indiawhat had he discovered?It was presumptuous of him to imagine that he could unveil India and find out what India is to-day and what it was in the long past. To-day India is four hundred million separate individual men and women, each differing from the other, each living in a cliquish universe of though and feeling. If this is so in the present, how much more difficult is it to grasp that multitudinous past of innumerable successions of human beings. Yet something has bound them together and binds them still. India is a geographical and economic entity, a cultural unity amidst diversity, a bundle of contradictions held together by s trong but invisible threads.

Restaurant satisfaction Essay

Restaurant Customer rapture Surveys Can Keep Your Customers Coming Back Keep your customers coming natural covering and adviseing your restaurant to others with help from restaurant customer blessedness surveys. Restaurant customer rapture surveys give you quantitative insight into the opinions and attitudes of your customers. Youll obtain facts ab bulge out what they want, what they expect, and if they plan to commit to your restaurant again. If results show that your restaurant does not meet your customers expectations, youll know exactly what areas to tar give-up the ghost for feeler.Whether you own a fast-food restaurant, a dine-in establishment, or a chain of restaurants, Infosurvs restaurant survey measuring customer contentment can provide you with valuable data you can use to make better business decisions. Gauging satisfaction with a restaurant customer survey can tell you about the demographics of your customers as well as give you insight into what they really think about Food quality Menu selection Menu price and value Waiting times Promptness of service Professionalism and friendliness of server(s) Servers familiarity of menu Decor Restaurant location Overall restaurant experienceBy assessing the wants and invites of customers and then acting upon them restaurants have continually found that satisfaction surveys encourage Repeat business Positive feelings towards the restaurant because they showed that they cared about customer opinions Increased recommendations by ongoing customers Increased spending within the restaurant Whether you need a restaurant satisfaction survey designed from scratch exclusively for your customers, or have an existing survey that needs to be administered, Infosurv takes extraordinary measures to condition validity, reliability and bias reduction.Our goal is to help you compose a highly relevant survey instrument that will yield sound and valid conclusions maculation achieving the maximum survey response rate possible. Learn More About Restaurant Customer gladness Surveys From Infosurv To learn more about restaurant customer satisfaction surveys and the Infosurv Experience please download our brochure. What Makes Customer Satisfaction Research Useful? Capture customer feedback and use the data to set business priorities. Mar. 25, 2008By Marian vocaliser, partner, FiveTwelve Group Ltd.Much has been written in the last couple of years about the promise of customer satisfaction research (CSR) to improve performance or shorten development cycles for businesses and organizations. This work is particularly germane in North America, where growth in umpteen industrial and commercial markets is peaking and companies are scrambling for competitive advantage. The theory is simple capture customer feedback and use the data to set business priorities. Customer satisfaction data is routinely gathered to support continuous improvement programs like TQM, ISO and Six Sigma. The answers to the q uestions How are we doing? and What should we do better? are the forming blocks of a customer relationship based on measurable value. Answered correctly, they track improvements in the business relationship and identify areas for improvement. However, translating the answers into meaningful actions is difficult. The issue is not whether or not you are getting information about customer satisfaction it is whether or not you are using information about customer satisfaction to act differently. Generally, two factors cause weak CSR uninvolved stakeholders and useless data. Lets explore what makes CSR useful.An engineered products manufacturer had recently been purchased by investors seeing promise in their technological leadership. Research was commissioned to help the new team understand current satisfaction and long term business durability. They were shocked to find that more than 90% of the business was at risk. darn sales teams showcased and closed many sign orders, lengthy sta rt-ups, late shipments and poor quality pushed customers away once they had adopted the technology. The manufacturer was, in essence, training customers to prefer the technology on behalf of their competition.Employees were frustrated too. They had hear complaints however hadnt digested the consequences. Out of necessity, they assumed ample supply of new customers to replace the disgruntled ones. The costs associated with lost business hadn? t been clear. The team descend into the research, put answers into context, mined new feedback, and made survey adjustments even while they collected more information. They isolated common themes, withdrawed why, and tested actions steps to recall the business. In the end, improved communication systems solved internal conflicts and kept customers in the loop.Investments in new secondary operations simplified customers processes and improved predictability. With these transmits, the manufacturer was able to recover tenuous relationships, i mprove its pipeline and the satisfaction of its customers and employees in about a year. Today, the company monitors satisfaction routinely, taking care to not only benchmark against precedent years performance but to test new ideas and gain a clearer understanding of the feedback it receives informally. So, how to ask the question How are we doing and what should we do better? When a business process like the collection of satisfaction data hardens into concrete steps, it loses flexibility, become sterile and impractical and as a result, can erode value. When data collection is exercise in scoring, ranking, and polling, it blocks inspiration, the creative process, decision-making, relationship-building and new learning that comes from strong listening. Weak CSR Is a static process A survey of customer satisfaction done once is a popularity contest. Done over time it can be a tool for decision-making, because it can show progress or setbacks.However, if you ask the same customers the same questions, year after year, eventually they are going to ask you to stop. It is very key to evaluate customer satisfaction routinely, to expose changes, but it is equally valuable to change it up to test new ideas, show responsiveness and build better relationships over time. Customer satisfaction is dynamic. The CSR process should be too. Ignores Context Most CSR surveys assign a subjective value to tasks or functions like delivery, development, sales management, or customer service.If, however, the satisfaction score isnt understood in terms of its relative importance to the customer, it is difficult to see impact on business health. For example, a customer might state that their satisfaction with pricing levels is relatively low say a 3 on a 7 point scale. Without context, a natural reaction might be to review pricing policies and those of competitors to look for guidance. If, however, pricing scored low in terms of importance in comparison to lead-time, a supplie r would know that improvements in delivery could damp the need for reactionary discounting.By knowing the context in which attributes are evaluated, suppliers can better allocate efforts, grow sales and save margin. Before enquire How we are doing? CSR should first establish the importance of an attribute in order to provide context. Is Quantitatively Biased CSR surveys are often biased by the preponderance of closed questions like force ranked lists and 1-7 scoring. Learning about low satisfaction with service may be informative, but investing the time to disclose ideas for improvement is what is crucial to improving a customer relationship.To illustrate, a customer with little tolerance for late deliveries may score delivery as important but add that a simple call to reschedule would satisfy. Without this background, a manufacturer might have invested to retool, having overestimated the hazard. Always ask Why? Keys to Success treasure customer satisfaction as philosophy Its counter to think that something as fundamental as listening to customers should be institutionalized, but in these geezerhood of consolidation and distant markets, it is absolutely necessary.As the knowledge economy continues to evolve, we see that high performers are distinguished by continuously improving CSR processes that get as much attention from process experts as LEAN or Six Sigma. A good first step is to view CSR not as a project thrown over the wall to the new MBA intern, but instead, as a philosophy of listening and interacting with customers. Design CSR that can flex and learn, like muckle do Its overly counter to think that CSR should be designed to flex with what is known at the moment, but this is actually a sign of effective learning and communication, which are the key ingredients to usefulness.The ability of a research team to make changes along the way depends on whether they see and understand the trends early enough. The important factors determining CSR suc cess are not sample size or repetition, but research transparency and the volume of critical thinking done during the project. cause Small CSR exists because companies are big. The complexities that are introduced when groups enlarge encumber simple activities like listening, thinking and doing. But these are the activities that create value and wealth. To make them simple again, build a great CSR process to do the basic, smart things that entrepreneurs are forced to do.Its Never the Data If you ask How are we doing and what should we do better? tomorrow, the answers that you get will be different than the answers you got yesterday. The most important ingredient to CSR is the action that you take with what you learn, and the ability of the customer to see and feel value from those actions. Marian Singer is a partner at FiveTwelve Group, Ltd. , a research and consulting firm that works to improve way that businesses, investors and member organizations listen to their customers and markets and how they act on what they learn. www. fivetwelvegroup. com http//www. industryweek.com/companies-amp-executives/what-makes-customer-satisfaction-research-useful Customer Satisfaction Survey By F. John Reh We all know customer satisfaction is essential to the survival of our businesses. How do we find out whether our customers are satisfied? The take up way to find out whether your customers are satisfied is to ask them. When you film a customer satisfaction survey, what you ask the customers is important. How, when , and how often you ask these questions are also important. However, the most important thing about conducting a customer satisfaction survey is what you do with their answers.How You Ask Whether Customers Are Satisfied There are many ways to ask your customers whether or not they are satisfied with your company, your products, and the service they veritable. You can ask them Face-to-face As they are about to walk out of your store or office, ask them. Call them on the phone If you have their phone number, and their permission, you can call them after their visit and ask how satisfied they are. light them a questionnaire This technique has been used for a long time. The results are predictable. Email them a customer satisfaction surveyBe careful to not damage Spam laws Email them an invitation to take a customer satisfaction survey When To learn A Customer Satisfaction Survey The best time to conduct a customer satisfaction survey is when the experience is fresh in their minds. If you wait to conduct a survey, the customers response may be less accurate. He may have forgotten some of the details. She may answer about a later event. He may color his answers because of sloppiness with other visits. She may confuse you with some other company. What To Ask In A Customer Satisfaction SurveyThere is a school of eyeshot that you only need to ask a single question in a customer satisfaction survey. That question is, will you buy from me again? While it is tempting to reduce your customer satisfaction survey to this supposed essence, you miss a lot of valuable information and you can be easy misled. It is too easy for a customer to answer yes to the will you buy from me again? , whether they mean it or not. You want to ask other questions in a customer satisfaction survey to get closer to the expected behavior and to collect information about what to change and what to keep doing.By all means ask the basic customer satisfaction questions How satisfied are you with the purchase you made (of a product or service) How satisfied are you with the service you received? How satisfied are you with our company overall? And ask the customer loyalty questions How likely are you to buy from us again? How likely are you to recommend our product/service to others How likely are you to recommend our company to others. Also ask what the customer liked and didnt like about the product, your service, and your company. How Often Sh ould You Conduct A Customer Satisfaction SurveyThe best answer is often enough to get the most information, but not so often as to upset the customer. In real terms, the frequency with which you conduct a customer satisfaction survey depends on the frequency with which you interact with your customers. My state renews drivers licenses for five-year periods. It would be silly for them to ask me each year what I thought of my last renewal experience. Conversely, if I survey the commuters on my rapid transit system once a year, I will miss important changes in their attitudes that may be driven by seasonal events.What To Do With Answers From A Customer Satisfaction Survey Regardless of how I ask my customers for their feedback, what I ask them in the customer satisfaction survey, and when I survey them, the most important part of the customer satisfaction survey is what I do with their answers. Yes, I need to compile the answers from different customers. I need to look for trends. I sh ould look for differences by field and/or product. However, I most need to act on the information I get from my customers though the survey.I need to fix the things the customers have complained about. I need to investigate their suggestions. I need to improve my company and product in those areas the mean the most to the most of my customers. I need to not change those things that they like. Most importantly I need to give them feedback that their answers were appreciated and are being acted upon. That feedback can be individual responses to the customers if appropriate, or it can simply be fixing the things that they tell you need to be fixed. Whats Next in Customer Satisfaction Surveys?

Analysis: Jb Hi-Fi Essay

JB Hi-Fi limited is a party that is based in Australia. It usu everyy engages in the sell of the home consumer electronic products which embroil the televisions, video cameras, mobile phones, home theatres, digital still and other galvanic accessories like the kitchen equipment, computing equipment, the air conditioners, small electrical appliances like the car sound systems both visual and audio and other things like the movies and games. It continues to stock exclusive specialist range of Hi-Fi products. JB Hi-Fi has its subsidiaries that include JB Hi-Fi (A) Pty Ltd, JB Hi-Fi Group Pty Ltd, Rocket Replacements Pty Ltd and JB Hi-Fi NZ Limited.JB Hi-Fi was established in 1974 by a simple philosopher Mr. John Barbuto (JB) who was trading from single stack away in Victoria a place called East Keilor. He was delivering variety of Hi-Fi equipments as head as recorded music at last prices in Australia. In 1983, the blood was sold and later in 1999, nine stores were opened. With t he aim of taking the business to be a successful model all over the nation, private equity bankers and senior management purchased the business in July 2000. JB Hi-Fi was floated in October 2003 on the Australian stock Exchange. JB Hi-Fi is the largest retailer as well as fastest growing home entertainment Retailer Company in Australia. The Queensland Clive Anthonys stores were bought by JB in July 2004. The Queensland Clive Anthony was selling the consumer goods like the cookery appliances, consumer electronics and air conditioning equipments before it was bought.It has been revealed that the executive director or the CEO of a Melbourne based JB who led to the companys success in year 2009 Richard Uechtritz provide retire from the position in August after being in that position for 10 years. He will be succeeded by Terry pine who joined the company in year 2000 together with Uechtritz. Uechtritz led the company towards making a half year net profit of $76 one thousand million in Australian currency which is approximately $66 million from $59 million Australian equivalent of $51 million in corresponding period. He also scaled up the group sales from $1. 09 billion one year before to $1.35 billion by end of 2009. The 124 JBs stores in Australia registered 10. 2percent comparative growth across the Australia while in its 10 stores in New Zealand a 5. 8 percent growth was achieved. JB Company was resilient throughout the frugal crisis this led to gained consumer confidence by the company. This is a clear indication of a strong retail model and how strong the management team is strong. JB is also well known for being a leader in CD album sales. It is said that for every 10 albums sold, 4 of them ar rung up in JB. This is widely seen as a major factor that is behind the Australias largest popularity in the CD albums market (JB Hi-Fi, 2010).The JB Hi-Fi Company has a charter that provides the stocky of bill of fare of directors roles in the structure of th e business and the companys operations. To ensure that the company thrives and bastinados the crisis that may come on the way, the company has various strategies and ways to overcome that and to keep the company on the track which includes constitution and menu of directors which has various roles and responsibilities. The company has got a constitution and also corporations act. The companies values are the trust, integrity and honesty. The board carries out the duties in regard to the interest of the companies shareholders, staff, customers and the conjunction in which it operates. The board has responsibility for the companys corporate governance which includes establishment and empowerment of board to assist in its work.The board is also responsible for overseeing the affairs and the business of the company by establishing the financial objectives and strategies for management to implement reviewing and approving the financial objectives of the company and corporate plans as well as actions approval of the capital expenditure in excess of limits that have been delegated to the management approval of the capital management initiatives some other vital role is to ensure that they are adequate procedures are put in place so as to identify the principal risks in the business as well as implementing systems that are appropriate in managing the risks. The board is also responsible for communicating with the shareholders of the company as well as community at the right times towards getting right results and developing the business operations of the company.The board is also responsible for appointing or selecting and evaluating regularly the chief executive officers performance and also determining the remuneration and succession of the chief executive officer. The board is also responsible of approving the major military man resource major policies as well as overseeing the strategy development for high performing and senior executives. The board should al so ensure that the appropriate procedures are put in place so as to make sure that business is conducted in honest, ethical and in an open manner. The board is also sibyllic to institute the internal procedures for performance evaluation of the board, the individual directors and the board committees.

Dr.Jack Kevorkian

Dr. cobblers last Dr. Jack Kevorkian Dr. Jack Kevorkian was known as Dr. Death since at least 1956, when he conducted a study photographing patients eyes as they died. Results established that blood vessels in the cornea contract and become invisible as the nerve center stops beating. And he made a lot of other ways to fake throng like handicapped or anyone who suffer from anything in his breeding to kill himself, he claims to have assisted at least 130 patients to that end, and he famously said that dying is not a crime. pot and the government disagreed with Dr.Kevorkians behavior for many several reasons. First his not a god to control the death of people to make them not sprightliness pain and not to face their diseases and destroy them , he is like telling people that life is not worth living for and problems are not exhalation to be solved except with death. In September of 1998 he videotaped the death of Thomas Youk the tape was broadcast by CBS televisions60 Minutesin November, what a cruel thing to videotape? The death of man and broadcast it on live T. V. This man made a hundreds of families miserable with his invention Mercitron (mercy machine).If he is decision making for people weather to live or die by acting if u dont feel pain then live, if u get down death it will be much helpful and comfortable. Then what is the importance of god, I thought he was the one who knows who will die and when, and can make all of the people of earth die in one second and live in one second. There are only a hardly a(prenominal) cases where someone is allowed to take a life and even these cases are not agreed upon. These cases could be in self defense or if someone is hard injured or sick and there is no medical care that could help him and living on even for a minute will set suffering beyond imagination.But there has never been a case where some loco doctor wants to experiment death on other and people agreed with him. This must mean that this is one si ck person and no one agrees with him because it is not human. Thank god of course that the U. S. Supreme Court rule that Americans who want to kill themselves but are physically unable to have no constitutional right to end their lives. Kevorkian was sentenced to 10-25 years in prison, but was paroled in 2007, in failing health and nearing his own death by the order of god not by a machine.

African Kingdoms and Empires

African Kingdoms and Empires During 400 AD, West Africa witnessed the rise and fall of the indigenous mediaeval empires of antediluvian patriarch gold coast, medieval Mali, and Songhai. Many other states and big businessmandoms arose during this time but Ghana, Mali and Songhai achieved the status of fully-fledged, functioning and long-living conquest states and expansionist empires. These empires regulated the Trans-Saharan slew by offering guard for trade caravans as well as taxing slaves, aureate, firearms, textiles and salt.Ghana reached its height by 1200 AD and was ruled by the Serahule people which eventually broke apart by in the 13th century. The Mali Empire was a Mandinka territory but also took on Ghanas territory and extended into the 13th century. At the note of the empire, Mali covered an body politic over 24,000 sq. km. Songhai succeeded Mali in the 14th century and grew to be the swelledst land empire in tropical Africa. Throughout the presentation I allow cover each Empire in grave detail.Ghana may have existed as early as the 5th century, however, by the 8th century it was know as The Land of Gold. In 1068 Ghana was the largest, wealthiest, and most powerful state in West Africa. The empire was situated in the vast Savannah area surrounded by the Senegal and Niger Rivers with its authority extending from the frontiers of Futa Toro to the westerly banks of the Niger, and from the Mandinka area in the south to beyond the fringes of the desert in the nitrogen. Ghanaweb) The Serahule were the founding people of The Land of Gold, who established their capital at Kumbi Saleh, which at that time was the leading trading centre of the Western Sudan and the focus of all trade with a systematic form of taxation. The Serahule formed themselves into a bulletproof trading state which spread its power over many neighboring people and in the process became an empire. With the introduction of the camel during the Trans-Saharan trade, Ghana deri ved power and wealth from gold and increased the quality of goods transported.As say earlier, the Soninke people also sold slaves, salt and copper in exchange for textiles, beads and finished goods. (Ghanaweb) According to Ghanaweb, The wealth of ancient Ghana is mythically explained in the tale of bids, the black snake. This snake demanded an annual sacrifice in return for guaranteeing prosperity in the Kingdom, thereof each year a virgin was offered up for sacrifice, until unmatched year, the fiance (Mamadou Sarolle) of the intended victim rescued her. Feeling cheated of his sacrifice, Bida took his revenge on the region, a terrible drought took a hold of Ghana and gold mining began to decline.There is evidence found by archaeologists that confirms elements of the story, showing that until the 12th century, sheep cows and even goats were abundant in the region. Traders took the route from Maghreb to Ghana starting in Tahert, North Africa through Sjilmasa, Southern Morocco. The trail led south running parallel with the coast, then south-east through Awsaghust and ending in Kumbi Saleh. Through their travels the traders brought the Islamic community to Kumbi Saleh but the Islams managed to remain a separate community a distance away from the Kings palace. Ghanaweb) McKay wrote, The city of Ghana consists of two towns lying on a plain, one of which is inhabited by Muslims and is large, possessing twelve mosques- one of which is congregational mosque for Friday prayer each has its imam, its muezzin and salaried reciters of the Quran. The town possesses a large make out of jurisconsults and learned me, (McKay, pg 279) Ghana was originally known as Wagadou (Ouagadou, Aoukar) by its rulers, but was changed into the general use, Ghana because one of the kings titles Ghana meant war chief. Each succeeding king kept the title Ghana but went by their own name.The kings were in charge of organizing the trade and keeping good relations with the Saharan traders, as well as acting as senior religious leader and representative on hide of the founding ancestors of the Serahule people. To increase the wealth of Ghana, the kings were able to make lesser kings or chiefs obey their laws and pay them taxes. This in turn gave the kings of Ghana more power and could predominate the services of many descent lines. They were able to raise big armies and employ larger numbers of messengers and other servants. (Ghanaweb)The International trade was causing the empire sustained growth so the Serahule were inventing new methods of governing themselves by raising money to pay for a government and producing wealth. They decided the central authority would need to be a king that would rule over many lesser authorities or governments. Since Serahule had already occupied the lands to the north of the upper waters of Niger, their towns and trading dress outtlements became the middlemen between the Berber and Arab traders of the north and the gold and ivory prod ucers of the south. This position made Ghana strong and prosperous and gave its rulers glory and power. Accessgambia) The empire included many arrears of people who were not Serahule and therefore had different religious loyalties to their Gods other than the king. In order to ensure the continued allegiance of the conquered states, the kings of Ghana insisted on the son of each vassal king creation sent to their court. Both provincial governors of Serahule areas and tributary rulers of the conquered peoples had the duties of loyalty to the king, provisions of annual tribute, and the contribution of bands of warriors to the imperial army when they were required for active service.In return for their loyalty, the king provided security system against external enemies. However, by 1240 Ghana was no more. There are many reasons for Ghanas decline and fall, starting with the royal treasury placing a monopoly on the export of gold. The gold industry was the fame of what Ghana rested on because it was the kings largest source of income. Secondly, the way the empire was organized. At its peak, Ghana was made up of many states and people and lacked political and cultural unity which the kings failed to achieve.The different ethnic groups such(prenominal) as the Soninke, Susu, Serer, Berber and Tuclor each had its own language and cultures owed allegiance to the king. Conquered states such as Futa Toro, Silla and Diara were only expected to pay annual tribute contingents to the kings in times of war but were left to operate under their own traditional rules. Lastly, during the minute half of the Eleventh century, the military became weakened and broke up into component parts. Later, there was an invasion by the Berber Almoravid dynasty that conquered Ghana and forced its rulers and people to convert to Islam.McKay stated that while Almoravid and Islamic pressures certainly disrupted the empire, weakening it enough for its incorporation into the rising Mali empire, t here was no Almoravid military invasion and subsequent forced mutation to Islam. (McKay, pg 280) The kingdom of Ghana split into several small kingdoms that feuded among themselves. The Mandinka, from the kingdom of Kangaba had been part of the Ghanian empire and soon dominated the feuding kingdoms.Building on the Ghanaian foundations, Kangaba formed the spirit of the new empire of Mali and developed into a better organized state than Ghana. There were two rulers for the Mali Empire, Sundiata and Mansa Musa which combined, had military success and creative personalities. Mali had a large agricultural and commercial base that provided for a large population and enormous wealth. (McKay, pg 280) McKay also noted that dating to the early eleventh century, the Mandinka were extremely successful at agriculture.Consistently large harvests throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries provided a supply of food, which helped steady the population growth. The Mandinka also acted as midd lemen in the gold and salt traffic that flowed north and south during the Ghanaian hegemony. In the thirteenth century, Mandinka traders formed companies and gradually became a major force in the entire West African trade. Sundiata, the founder of Mali, set up his capital at Niani and transformed the city into an important financial and trading center.McKay stated, through a series of military victories, Sundiata and his successors absorbed into Malis other territories of the former kingdom of Ghana and established hegemony over the trading cities of Gao, Jenne, and Walata. Into the fourteenth century, these expansionist policies were continued by Sundiatas descendant Mansa Musa. (McKay pg 280) In the language of the Mandinke, Mansa core emperor. Musa consolidated the foundations laid down by Sundiata and ruled the empire at its massiveest height.Musas influence extended northward to several Berber cities in the Sahara, eastward to the trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao and west ward as farthest as the Atlantic Ocean. He maintained a strict empire and it grew twice the size of the Ghanaian kingdom and contained roughly eight million people which brought Musa Fabulous wealth. (McKay, pg 281) It was the Musas pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 that put the empire on the map. He travelled with thousands of porters and servants that carried six-pound staffs of gold and one hundred elephants each bearing one hundred pounds of gold. On his ay to Mecca, Musa stayed in Egypt and spent and gave away so ofttimes gold that there was a devaluation of the local currency and it sparked an inflationary crisis in Egypt as well as depressing world prices of the commodity. Twelve years later, al-Omari, one of the sultans officials, recounted. This man Mansa Musa spread upon Cairo the flood of his generosity there was no person, divisionr of the court, or holder of any office of the Sultanate who did not receive a sum of gold from him. The people of Cairo earned incalculable sums from him, whether by buying and selling or by gifts.So frequently gold was current in Cairo that it ruined the value of money. (McKay, pg 281) As a result of Musas display of wealth, his fame spread as far as Europ,e where the Catalan map by Abraham Cresques of about 1375 shows Musa seated on a gold throne wearing a gold apex while holding a gold nugget, describing him as the riches and most noble king in all the land. Mansa Musa extended his borders of Mali and set up an effective system of government that had a justice administration that was relatively impartial. The field of diplomacy was able to establish friendly relationships with other African states such as Morocco and Egypt.To help the king in his work, he had judges, scribes, and civil servants that helped to strengthen the administrative machinery of the empire. There were fourteen provinces in Mali that were ruled by governors who were typically known generals. The others such as the Berber province were governed by their own Sheikhs. All of the provinces administrators were responsible to the Mansa and they were all said to be well paid. Under Musa, Timbuktu began as a tenting for desert nomads and grew into a thriving trading post or entrepot, attracting merchants and traders from North Africa and all parts of the Mediterranean world.In the fourteenth century, Timbuktu developed into a center for scholarships and information for Architects, Astronomers, Poets, Lawyers, Mathematicians, and Theologians. The tradition and reputation for African scholarships lasted until the eighteenth century. (McKay, pg 282) The rise of the Mali Empires was swift but its decline was gradual. In the fifteenth century, Mali lost its ability to dominate the affairs of the Western Sudan because it became a tiny principality of kangaba. It wasnt until the seventeenth century that Mali completely lost its political identity as it had broken up into a number of small independent chiefdoms.Between 1337 to 1341 Mus as son, Maghan I, ruled the Empire. During this period, the Mossi of present day Burkina Faso raided across Manding and devastated Timbuktu. Then the Tuareg of the Sahara conquered the Northern part of the Mali Empire. During the periods of 1360 to 1400 there were as many as six kings and a series of civil wars. During the fifteenth century, the Songhai, under their leader Sunni Ali, conquered Jenne and Timbuktu and replaced Songhai as the most important power in the Western Sudan. Songhai succeeded Mali and became the third great West African empire. (Accessgambia)The Songhai Empire originated in the nineth century as a medieval civilization that was a small principality in West Africa on the banks of the Niger River called Al-kaw kaw. The kingdom had a very fertile area suitable for livestock rearing, agriculture, and fishing. As early as 800 AD, the kingdom made full use of their resources and split up into two specialized professional groups the Gabibi who were agriculturists a nd the Sorko who were fishermen. The Songhai borders extended from the central area of present Nigeria to the Atlantic coast and included parts of what is now Gambia, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Guinea and Mauritania.The areasof the land beingness rich and fertile allowed the people of Songhai to attract traders to their kingdom and become very astute traders and merchants themselves. As early at the tenth century the leaders of Al-kaw kaw locomote their capital from Kukia to Gao. Gao became the last stop for three major trade routes. The routes included the trans-Saharan route from Egypt into Fezzan, Ghat and Agedez, the Tripoli and Tunis from Ghat and the route from Algeria and Morocco.During this time is when the Arab traders brought the Islamic influences which contributed to shaping the rush of the empire. In the thirteenth century Gao was part of the Mali Empire and in 1275 Gao managed to break away from Mali. It wasnt until 1464 when the small kingdom of Gao was tr ansformed into the Songhai Empire and signaled the start of a new royal dynasty. Sources McKay, pgs 280-280 http//www. accessgambia. com/information/african-empires. html http//www. ghanaweb. com/GhanaHomePage/history/

The Basic Principles of Reganomics

The election of the Regan-Bush Re unrestrictedan ticket of 1984 brought many uncommon and controversial policies to the US economy. many a nonher(prenominal) of these policies,including Reganomics still affect our economy as a whole and are still major points of debates today. Reganomics was not solely based on economics, just now earlier the included a sense of having moral foundations. Government intervention and regulation of the economy were seen as economically harmful and furthermore morally wrong. It was believed that economic personal matters should be left to the wisdom of God and his guidance would produce a The moral obligation together with extreme Kenseyan theories were the guide to the basic principles of Reganomics.Their objective was to quest for a laissez faire attitude,or a hands off politics policy. They overly wanted to rely on the wisdom of the of the market, meaning that the market is smart enough to dispense care of and troubleshoot itself,and they tri ed to use a policy of deregulation which would allow companies to make their own economic decisions with out the government limiting their choices. The brass section was also weary of anti-trust laws which did not allow for monopolies in The deregulation of businesses mentality was simple and encompassed two major points.The points were to humble valuatees and allow businesses to make their own decisions without fear of government intervention. Their idea was that if you lowered evaluatees in general, business would have more money to produce more, to more they would hire more workers, and consequently due to the surplus of money, their would be more spending, investing, and saving. This proves that individuals would gain along with the business.Ronald Regan said, Lower takes would spur business to invest, and send Americans rushing to stores to spend (Regan). In the short run deregulation produced greater competitor and lower prices for consumers. The long term effects were t hat the savings and loan industry collapsed due to fraud and mis-management. Regan knew that deregulation could possibly have adverse effects if at that place was no degree of regulation at all, so preventative measures were set in place.One such preventative measure was the Office of Information and regulatory Affairs (O. I. R. A) which insured that deregulation dhered to cost benefit principles to the maximum extent possible. If government is the problem, not the solution, you do not solve problems by applying a bigger problem to them (Regan). Another notion behind Reganomics was the Laffer Curve, which conveyed the idea that tax cuts would increase tax revenue. The Laffer Curve is based on the ideology that government should provide a climate in which the incentives for individuals to pursue their own economic progress wouldnt be hindered by governmental taxing, spending, regulations, and/or monetary policies.It is also based on supply posture economics. Supply side economics w as an economic policy designed to stimulate output and lower unemployment by increasing production in the economy. It allowed the free market to play a greater role in the economy while the government took on a lesser role. If government is the problem, not the solution, you do not solve problems by applying a bigger problem to them (Regan). The Regan administration believed tax and spend policies led to a weak economy.Accordingly, they passed the Tax rectify Act of 1986 (TRA86) which reduced individual income tax liabilities and raised corporate income tax liabilities. They also passed ERTS. ERTA gave a 25% cut in individual marginal tax rates over a three twelvemonth period. It set an indexing of individual brackets, personal exemptions, and standard reductions it reduced all individual taxpayers taxes, and gave percentage reductions for lower and middle class incomes exceeding those given for the rich.Bill Clinton said, For 12 years the driving dea behind American economic policy has been cutting takes on the richest individuals and corporations . This is true, with the censure of ERTA, all the tax changes during the eight years of Reagans administration were unmistakably pro-business and When Reagan cut the taxes for wealthy individuals and business he believed that it would contribute to a stronger base economy, in turn the benefits of a strong base economy would trickle down to reach everyone, even the poorest Americans. Ronald Reagan said, Lower taxes would spur business to invest, and send Americans rushing to stores to spend (Regan).The Reagan Administration believed lower taxes were beneficiary in this manor and high tax rates only further darkened the lines on how our society was typecast, rather than interruption down those barriers. Furthermore high tax rates inhibited kind mobility into the upper class. The real losers from soak the rich tax are not the rich, but the would be rich. This is true be dress there would be no trickle down Major el ements in the initial Regan policies were spending slow downs aimed at eliminating budget deficits in 1984 and producing budget surpluses thereafter.As well it was aimed to slow down the growth of federal outlays and change their composition. However the initial policies of the Reagan administration coupled with stock market changes were so bold and dramatic that it caused the 1981 1982 recession. After be in a state of recession, things did get better. Within 18 months of Reagans term, poverty began to decrease. The U. S also experienced an unprecedented export boom in the 1980s which turned out to be the longest economic boom in U. S history.Along with this came 20 trillion new jobs and it was the first time the electorate ad an intensely satisfied voting majority. Reagan was the only U. S. president since WWII to reduce both inflation and unemployment while expanding the total list of jobs for all Americans (Dunn) However when this great prosperity was acquired in such a shor t period of time, people got nervous and began to make false accusations against the Reagan administration which were called myths. Myths were created by economists that either did not look at all the statistics or made assumptions before they had all of the statistics.Some of the myths that came from these economists were that Reaganomics caused Americans to divest and de-industrialize. There were also presumptions that every long horse of taxes that were cut would lose a dollar of revenue. They also offered that record deficits were caused by the reduction in marginal tax rates. There is no basis for insistence that tax policy developments were responsible for the budget deficits of the Reagan years. (Ture 35) Some myths created even went so far as to say that the deficits were deliberate in order to reduce social spending while increasing defense spending.In fact the contrary is true. Transfer payment spending for social services rose 19. 7%, from $344. 3 billion to $412 billio n, on programs that provided income, food, healthcare, housing, education and training, and social services to poor families. (Ture 39) This is proving that social programs were not hurt under Reagan. Economists also gave the impression that Reagan policies favored the rich at the expense of the poor and that the rich only paid a larger shave of taxes because they had a larger share of income. This is not entirely true.Even though the rich may not have seemed to have paid more taxes they actually did buy investing in more taxable securities and fewer tax exempt securities. This produced more tax revenue. Rather than being a tax and spend economy, the Reagan administration lended itself to a borrow and spend economy that produced many deficits. What was the cause of these enormous debts? Many factors added to the accumulation of the debts. Buying and thus building up the U. S. dollar to an artificiallyhigh level made U. S exports more expensive, U. S imports cheaper and it added to t he rade deficit and the irrelevant debt.This was also known as Mexicanization of the economy. (Galbraith 3) Large budget deficits from the loss of tax revenue, was brought about by the loss of real output during the 1981 1982 recession, and unanticipated disinflation. That fiscal year (after adjusting for inflation, tax collections did not increase) brought high interest rates which attracted foreign money. This pushed up the dollar and caused the trade deficit. The deficit was also caused by large defense and The Reagan administration had little responsibility for the budget deficits.The bills for spending that the Reagan administration originally proposed were altered by congress. The deficit was therefore caused by congress permitted spending excess and not excess tax cuts. It seems that through supply-side economics savings didnt increase but allowed for a huge growing debt that nearly tripled during Reagans administration. On the good side of things, deficit spending helped t o stimulate demand and trigger economic recovery. It also stimulated a growth of employment in non-investment grade firms by 17. 3 million which was due to junk bonds. (Zycher,43)On the down side, the U. S is presently the worlds largest debtor. Public and Private debts carrying over from the past decade weigh heavily on the government,business, households and financial institutions well being. Reganomics could have been greatly successful if government spending would have been checked. If government had borrowed in order to fund public capital, rather than military spending and tax breaks for the wealthy, the debt burden would be greatly reduced (Sawicki). Looking back now we can truly understanding the in full effects of Reganomics on our economy.

Ralph Ellison’s novel “Invisible Man” Essay

For this assignment, you will be analyzing two more short stories, meshing Royal (which is the runner chapter in Ralph Ellisons novel, Invisible Man) and The Birthmark. As you read, reflect on the ways each depicts characters that are deemed socially unacceptable because of their outward appearances.Please write a comparison/ oppose essay of 1000 nomenclature or more discussing the questions below. Remember to begin your paper with an engaging introduction and clear thesis statement, formulate each point in the body of your paper using examples and quotes from the stories, and conclude your paper with a restatement of your thesis and closing remarks. Also, be sure to maintain your credibility by including in-text citations and a reference list justly formatted in APA style.Setting Describe the settings of both pieces and identify how the eras in which they take placewith their distinct social attitudes and customsaffect the main characters?Characters strife Royal Discuss the y oung man and his grandfather. Why do we never learn the young mans name? What do the grandfathers dying words reveal most him? The Birthmark Describe the main characters Aylmer, Georgiana and Aminadab. What is important to each? Point of popular opinion In which point of view (first- or third-person) is each piece told? If the point of view in Battle Royal was changed, would it have made the story more effective, or less so?SymbolismBattle Royal Analyze the deeper meaning of the following the battle royal itself, the naked blonde, and the young mans dream at the end of the story. The Birthmark What does Georgianas birthmark signify, first to her and then to Aylmer? What does alchemy champion in the story? Themes What are the main themes/messages of each piece? What, in other words, do you hazard the authors, Ralph Ellison and Nathaniel Hawthorne, are trying to communicate about life and human nature in their respective stories? fear What role does fear play in both pieces?Discr imination Both stories address physical appearance, specifically onesskin, and the way people may discriminate against others because of external characteristics they deem inferior. Compare and contrast how discrimination and prejudice are presented in Battle Royal and The Birthmark. Final Thoughts Author Tim OBrien wrote, Thats what fiction is for. Its for getting at the truth when the truth isnt sufficient for the truth. Talk about how literature might give us truer insights into the human experience by appealing to our senses, emotions and empathy. Describe a situation in which you or someone you know may have been discriminated against because of appearance, gender, race or some other attribute. What did the experience teach you? Please submit your assignment.

A Review Of Electro Magnet Therapy Health Essay

Loss of articulary cartilage, induration and eburnation of sub-chondral b unmatched, osteophytes and sub-chondral cysts ( Keuttner and Goldberg 1995 ) . degenerative arthritis ( OA ) is the most common upset of the musculoskeletal system and is a effect of robotic and biologic events that destabilize tissue homeostasis in articular roastns.Osteoarthritis ( OA ) is presently defined by the American College of Rheumatology as a heterogeneous group of conditions that leads to joint symptoms and marks which be associated with faulty unity of articular cartilage, in add-on to related alterations in the downstairslying jam at the joint margins.The etiology of OA is multi f make a motionorial, with inflammatory, metabolic, and automatonlike causes. A figure of surroundingsal hazard factors, such as fleshiness, business, and injuries, whitethorn originate interact pathologic tracts. OA indicates the devolution of articular gristle together with alterations in sub-chondral stud y and mild intra-articular redness. Osteoarthritis ( OA ) has a very high prevalence among middle-aged and aged people and the disease is responsible for significant direct and confirming socioeconomic costs and the intervention options are few and unsatisfactory.The chief intervention aims are to command smart adequately, better map, and cut down disablement. Acetaminophen is often used for diagnostic OA with mild to chair wickedness. Non-steroidal anti, or manual therapy. The value of intercessions aimed at bettering map and maximising in faceency ( occupational therapy, walking AIDSs, and workplace discrepancy ) is overly ill-defined. The disease class and patient s demands frequently alteration over clip, therefore necessitating a periodic reappraisal and readjustment of therapy instead than the stiff continuance of a individual intervention.The articulatio genus is one of the most normally bear upon articulations and patients present with a combination of annoyance, m alformation, redness, badness and musculus wasting. The essay reviews the electro magnetised therapy for handling articulatio genus degenerative arthritis, analysing the underlying rule of what it is and how it works. The search literature on the topic has been exhaustively reviewed to pull a meaningful decision somewhat the effectivity of the method.Electro magnetized TherapyElectro magnetised therapy is a build of alternate medical specialty in which the disease is treated by using electro charismatic heftiness to the organic structure. Electro magnetic therapy is found to be successful in handling assorted signifiers of physical hurting. The assorted electro magnetic devices, including magnets are used worldwide to laminate hurting, to spell broken castanetss, to alleviate many signifiers of emphasis, and to alleviate symptoms alter the skeleton and the articulations of the organic structure.The human organic structure produces really elusive electro magnetic Fieldss, which have been generated in the organic structure through with(predicate) chemical reaction within jail cells and ionic currents go throughing through the ill at ease(p) system. In recent old ages scientists have been detecting more and more ways that electro magnetic Fieldss act upon the organic structure s working both in a compulsively charged every mo exhaustively as a negative mode. These observations and other has led to the development of electro magnetic therapy.Osteoarthritis, which is besides cognize as Degenerative Arthritis, is one of the most common types of arthritis. It involves the devolution of the gristle located in the articulations. Osteoarthritis occurs due to loss of gristle and electro magnetic therapy is believed to excite gristle growing. This has led to the usage of electro magnetic therapy in handling articulatio genus degenerative arthritis.Critical ReviewSome interrogation workers reported the successful direction of degenerative arthritis th rough controlled chondrocyte decease and programmed cell death, use of response to anabolic and katabolic excitants and matrix synthesis or debasement and redness ( Fini et al. , 2005 ) . This comes under possible chondroprotective intervention. This intervention is considered to be the better attack relativAlthough many drugs o to impregnate intervention as the bulk of them relieve hurting and addition map, but do non modify the composite ghoulish procedures that occur in these tissues.Contrary to this pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss ( P potential drops ) surely show important physiological effectuate on cells and tissues by the upregulation of cistron take care of members of the transforming growing factor beta ace household. This intervention besides has advantage over the traditional medical specialties as it increases glycosaminoglycan degrees, and an anti-inflammatory action. Hence there is a knock-down(prenominal) formula for the usage of electro magnetic therapy in in tervention of degenerative arthritis as it involves the vivo usage of biophysical stimulus with PEMFs.Liu et al. , ( 1996 ) observe the positive function of Pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss ( PEMF ) as they act the extracellular matrix metamorphosis of a divers(prenominal) scope of skeletal tissues. The positive exit of PEMF on the composing and molecular construction of gristle proteoglycans was advanced set up which can be considered as strong regulation for this therapy. One thing was made make headway that PEMF intervention would nt impact the DNA knowledge base of study of explants.However its function in stirred lift of glycosaminoglycan content in the explant and preservation of the tissue s histological unity was good documented. Furthermore it was revealed that the PEMF intervention significantly suppressed both the debasement of preexistent glycosaminoglycans biosynthetically labeled in ovo and the synthesis of new 35S -sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Most famed happening emerged out of this heap is that the exposure of embryologic biddy gristle explants to PEMF for 3 h/ twenty-four hour period maintained a balanced proteoglycan composing by down-regulating its turnover without impacting either molecular construction or map.Thamsborg et al. , ( 2005 ) besides investigated the effectivity of pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss ( PEMF ) in the intervention of degenerative arthritis ( OA ) of the articulatio genus. The accent was chiefly give to a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical test and.the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities ( WOMAC ) questionnaire.It was revealed that a important betterment in ADL ( Activities of daily larning ) , stiffness and hurting was recorded with PEMF-treated groups. One of the weak points that emerged out of this survey is that the betterment witnessed with PMEF is non important with elderly people. The principle for this survey is that the patients & lt 65 old ages of age responded highly good to PMEF intervention in footings of reduced hurting caused by degenerative arthritis.No uncertainty, the positive function of electromagnetic therapy in hurting decrease is good established. The mechanism in which this hurting decrease occurs is as followsPain quests are transmitted along ticker cells to pre-synaptic terminuss. At these terminuss, channels in the cell alter due to a motion of ions. The membrane control alterations, doing the release of a chemical sender from a synaptic cyst contained within the membrane. The hurting signal is chemically transferred across the synaptic spread to chemical receptors on the post-synaptic nervus cell. This all happens in intimately 1/2000th of a 2nd, as the synaptic spread is merely 20 to 50 nanometers broad.As the hurting signal, in chemical signifier, approaches the post-synaptic cell, the membrane alterations and the signal is transferred. If we go to at the electromotive military strengths across the synaptic membrane so, under no hurting conditions, the degree is about -70 millivolt. When the hurting signal approaches the membrane potency additions to about +30 millivolt, it allows Na flow. This in bend triggers the synaptic cyst to let go of the chemical sender and so reassign the hurting signal across the synaptic spread or cleft.After the transmittal, the electromotive force reduces cover song to its normal quiescent degree until the following hurting signal arrives. The application of pulsed magnetic attraction to painful sites causes the membrane to be lowered to a hyper-polarization degree of about -90 millivolt. When a hurting signal is detected, the electromotive force must now be raised to a comparatively higher degree in outrank to fire the synaptic cysts.Since the mean alteration of potency required to make the trigger electromotive force of about +30 millivolt is +100 millivolt, the needed alteration is excessively great and merely +10 millivolt is attained. This electromotive force is by and large excessively low to do the synaptic cyst to let go of the chemical sender and therefore the hurting signal is blocked. The most effectual frequences that have been observed from query in order to do the above alterations to membrane potencies are a basal frequence of more or less 100Hz and pulse rate scenes of between 5 and 25Hz .The RationaleLet us critically analyse the principle behind the efficaciousness and application of electro magnetic therapy in intervention of degenerative arthritis. The reappraisal of some most relevant research documents has been carried out to come to a valid decision.The function of electro magnetic therapy in cistron look law was considered to be the chief principle ( Aaron et al. , 2004 ) . This cistron look happens in connective tissue cells for geomorphologic extracellular matrix ( electronic countermeasures ) proteins ensuing in an addition in gristle and prepare end product. It was besides established that the electro magnetic therapy enhanced fix and a addition in mechanical belongingss of the mending tissues.The failing of the survey is that the biophysical interactions of electrical and electromagnetic Fieldss at the cell membrane are non good understood and require vast extra survey. It was besides noticed that the understanding physical interactions and transmembrane signaling will most probably be necessary to set up dosing paradigms and better curative efficaciousness.Most notably, considerable information has been generated on an mediator mechanism of activity growing factor stimulation. In short, electric and electromagnetic Fieldss increase cistron look for, and synthesis of, growing factors and this may work to magnify demesne effects through autocrine and paracrine signaling. Electric and electromagnetic Fieldss can bring forth a sustained upregulation of growing factors, which enhance, but do non disorganise endochondral bone formation.Another of import principle for utilizing electroma gnetic therapy in intervention of degenerative arthritis is that it plays important function in chondrogenic distinction in endochondral ossification ( Coimbor et al. , 2002 ) . But it has to be applied in highly low frequence. The positive function of electro magnetic therapy was good established by the demineralized bone matrix ( DBM ) -induced endochondral ossification theoretical account.The electro magnetic therapy brought important alterations in 35S -Sulfate and 3H -thymidine incorporation and glycosaminoglycan ( GAG ) content. Bistolfi ( 2006 ) empha coatd the importance of electro magnetic therapy in doing bioeffects at the bone and soft tissue degree, and at the cellular degree. It affects the operation of bone-forming cells, osteoclasts, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, nervus cells and endothelial and musculus cells.The strong principle behind the function of electro magnetic therapy lies in transduction phenomena happening in life affair. The chief drawback of this theory is that electromagnetic and mechanical signals are non ever interchangeable, depending on their several strength.One theory on efficaciousness of electromagnetic theory in cut downing the hurting caused due to osteoarthritis provinces that the elderly animate beings may non react good. However, it was proved incorrectly as some research probes conducted on Guinea hogs revealed that the pulsed electromagnetic field ( PEMF ) stimulation has a chondro protective consequence on degenerative arthritis ( OA ) pattern advance in the articulatio genus articulations of elderly guinea hogs. Even in the presence of terrible OA lesions PEMFs maintained a important efficaciousness in cut downing lesion patterned advance.Articular gristle is the joint construction most affected by osteo-arthritis. It is constituted by cells known as chondrocytes. These cells industry, secrete and keep the organic constituent of the extracellular compartment, or gristle matrix, composed of a dense collagen filament web enmeshed in aconcentrated radical of proteoglycans and H2O. They determine the biomechanical behavior of the tissue in response to dynamic burden ( Mow et al, 1989 Mow and Wang, 1999 ) .Their go bad is frequently related to a lessening in proteoglycan concentration, in add-on to underlying bone harm, bone mortification, and bone remodelling, taking to break of the gristle collagen-proteoglycan matrix, and a decreasing ability of gristle and the environing joint tissues to take compressive emphasiss.A figure of carnal surveies have shown that when electric field is applied on articular gristle an addition in its proteoglycan content ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) can be found. This is indicated by an addition in its sulfate incorporation. The biological account for this result is non really clear, but may affect information transferred to the chondrocytes refering the nature of their mechanical environment and the province of the extracellular matrix which mod ifies written text and synthesis ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) .Alternately, pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss may interact with ligands on the chondrocyte cell surface membrane, and this interaction may take to alterations in internal Ca concentrations that trigger proteoglycan production ( Granziana et al, 1990 Lee et Al, 1993 ) . The Fieldss may besides increase chondrocyte synthesis of proteoglycans straight themselves ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) .This response, which may be cell ad hoc may depend upon the electro physical parametric quantities of the applied pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss, including amplitude, continuance and frequence, in add-on to the slow-wittedness of the cells themselves, and, intermittent exposure of gristle cells to pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss may be superior to uninterrupted exposure.In footings of continuance, Brighton et Al ( 1984 ) found the incorporation of sulfate into artilage supermolecules was increased within five yearss of pulsed electro m agnetic field application to chondrocyte cell civilizations and that this increased even further, after 12 yearss. Furthermore, the civilizations exposed to the electrical Fieldss retained 95 % of their newly organise proteoglycans compared to 70 % of those assayed in control civilizations ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) , therefore proposing katabolism was slower in the treated tissue civilizations. comparable findings have been reported by Smith and Nagel ( 1983 ) and although gristle collagen content tends to stay unchanged during exposure to pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) , cartilage proteoglycan molecules that are synthesised in response to pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss appear to be normal in size and composing.Pulsed electro magnetic field interventions might besides assist to continue extracellular matrix unity in early phases of degenerative arthritis, where inordinate proteoglycan is laid down, by down-regulating proteoglycan synthesis and debase ment in aco-ordinated mode without impacting structural unity, and by increasing the proliferation of available chondrocytes, and their DNA man-made mechanisms.The mechanical and functional belongingss of articular gristle depend on the complex composing and organisation of its extracellular matrix ( ECM ) . The synthesis and debasement of ECM constituents is purely regulated by articular chondrocytes, which maintain gristle homeostasis in normal conditions. In pathological conditions, such as degenerative arthritis ( OA ) , changes in the normal functional activities of chondrocytes contribute to the instability in turnover of ECM constituents with debasement transcending synthesis ensuing in gradual harm of the articular gristle.The articular gristle metamorphosis is controlled by insulin like growing factors which can be modulated by electro magnetic forces. clinical and carnal surveies show the possibility that exposure to electro magnetic force can hold a positive consequence o n intervention of degenerative arthritis.Surveies indicate that PEMF can forestall gristle devolution through an adenosine receptor agonist consequence that can command locally the inflammatory processes that are ever associated with OA patterned advance. Evidence for enhanced cell distinction and extracellular matrix synthesis due to PEMF has been proved by a survey published in the diary of orthopedic research ( 2002 ) . An of import determination of this research was that, Proteoglycans ( PG ) are synthesized earlier and to a greater grade in EMF-exposed bonelets.The grounds for enhanced ripening in the open bonelets is farther supported by a temporal acceleration and quantitative addition in the look of messenger RNA for aggrecan and type II collagen compared to command bonelets on yearss 6 and 8 of development. deepen ripening of cartilagematrix by EMF is besides observed morphologically and biochemically. Earlier chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix calcification are apparent.J ointly, these informations suggest that chondrogenic distinction occurs earlier, and that gristle extracellular matrix is synthesized to a greater grade and matures faster in response to EMF exposure. The consequence suggests the occuring of chondrogenic distinction and that, the exposure of assorted constellations of electro magnetic Fieldss can assist mend degenerative arthritis.DecisionOverall, the electro magnetic therapy has helped in clinical intervention of degenerative arthritis by pull stringsing cistron look in fix tissues, positive consequence on gristle growing and several other bio-chemical alterations at cellular degree in life cells. Its consequence was found to be important even in elderly patients.However, the effects of magnetic Fieldss on organic structure tissues are complex and look to change from tissue to weave and from different strengths and continuance of the magnetic field applied. Much work demands to be make to optimise such variables as signal constell ation and continuance of intervention onward throbing electro magnetic field therapy can be by and large recommended. Several research probes though confirmed the high flavor of electromagnetic therapy, its extent of positive function on articulatio genus osteo arthritis has to be farther studied before pulling valid decisions ( Hulme et al. , 2002 ) .MentionsAaron, R K and Ciombor, D McK ( 1993 ) . Therapeutic effects of electro magnetic Fieldssin the stimulation of connective tissue fix , Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 52, 42-46.Aaron, R.K. , Boyan, B.D. , Ciombor, D.M. , Schwartz, Z. and Simon, B.J. ( 2004 ) . Stimulation of growing factor synthesis by electric and electromagnetic Fieldss. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 410 30-7.Altman R, Alarcon G, Appelrouth D, Bloch D, Borenstein D, & A Brandt K, ( 1991 ) . The American College of Rheumatology standards for the categorization and coverage of degenerative arthritis of the hip . Arthritis Rheum Vol. 34 pp 505-14.Barbero A, Groga n S, Schafer D, Heberer M, MainilVarlet P, Martin I. 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